Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Ph.D. Student of Sport Management, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor of Sport Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Professor of Sport Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor of Sport Management, Kish, International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.
Abstract
The purpose of this current research was to develop a model of factors affecting the improvement of the quality of Iranian football refereeing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population of this research is all referees who participated in the pre-season of the Premier League in 2016 (105 people), CEOs of Premier League clubs (16 people), coaches and assistant coaches of Premier League football teams (32 people) and spectators of the league. They were the 17th. Using targeted and available sampling, 683 people were selected as the research sample. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts (10 people). Also, its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test and composite reliability. Structural equation modeling and PLS software were used to analyze the data and check the fit of the model. The results showed that the dimensions of the quality of human resources, financial, material and managerial resources significantly explained the quality of refereeing in Iranian football. Also, the results showed that managerial, technological, human, material and financial resources had the highest priority in the quality of refereeing in Iranian football. According to the results of the research, it can be said that management has a more intervention and persuasive role than other factors. The reason for this problem can be the conscious effect of management. Usually, the effects of arbitration processes are hidden and indirect, but the effects of management are more conscious.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Abdi, H., Jalali Farahani, M., Sajjadi, N. (2010). A Comparative Study of Football Referees' Status in Iran and England. Journal of Sport Management, 2(4), 119-135. (in Persian)
- Akbari Yazdi, H., Hamidi, M., Sajjadi, S., Khabiri, M. (2014). The analysis of service quality of I.R. Iran football premier league based on SERVQUAL. Sport Management Studies, 6(25), 15-38. (in Persian)
- Anshel, M, H., Kang, M., Jubenville, C. (2013). Sources of acute sport stress scale for sports officials: Rasch calibration. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), 362-70.
- Aragão e Pina, J., Passos, A. M., Carvalho, H., & Travis Maynard, M. (2019). To be or not to be an excellent football referee: different experts’ viewpoints. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(6), 692–700.
- Azizi, B., Aminzadeh, R., Talebpour, M., Mobaraki, N. (2022). Evaluating the Performance of the Refereeing Department of the Football Federation from the Perspective of the Referees Using a Balanced Scorecard. Research in Sport Management and Marketing, 3(2), 13-22. doi: 10.22098/rsmm.2022.10362.1077. (in Persian)
- Balch, M.J., & Scott, D. (2007). Contrary to popular belief, referees are people too! Personality and perceptions of officials. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 3–20.
- Belcic, I., Ruzic, L., & Marosevi, A. (2020). Influence of functional abilities on the quality of refereeing in handball. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 12(3), 23–34.
- Casajús, J. A., Matute-Llorente, Á., Herrero, H., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., & González-Agüero, A. (2016). Body fat in elite Spanish football referees and assistants: A 1-year follow-up study. Apunts Medicina de l’Esport, 51(189), 21– 26.
- Conti, D. J., & McClintock, S. L. (1983). Heart Rate responses of a Head Referee during a Football Game. The Physician and Sports Medicine, (11), 108-114.
- Di Corrado, D., Pellarin, E., Agostini, T, A. (2011). The phenomenon of social influence on the football pitch: Social pressure from the crowd on referees’ decisions. Review of Psychology, 18(1), 33-6.
- fallahi, A., asadi, H., khabiri, M. (2009). The Comparison of Factors Affecting Casual, Regular and Enthusiastic Spectators’ Attendance at Football Pro-league matches. Journal of Sport Management, 1(2), 247-516. (in Persian)
- Ghezelsefloo, H., Alavi, S. (2022). The Impact of event-based sports technologies on the training and career development of referees in Iran volleyball super league. Technology of Education Journal (TEJ), 16(2), 351-362. (in Persian)
- Giel, T., & Breuer, C. (2020). The determinants of the intention to continue voluntary football refereeing. Sport Management Review, 23(2), 242–255.
- Gulec, U., & Yilmaz, M. (2016). A serious game for improving the decision making skills and knowledge levels of Turkish football referees according to the laws of the game. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-10.
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) 2nd Ed. In SAGE Publications.
- Lane, A.M., Nevill, A., Ahmad, N., & Balmer, N. (2006). Soccer referee decision – making: Shall I Blow the whistle?, Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine. 5, 243-253.
- Mitchell, J. S., Leonard, W. M., & Schmitt, R. L. (1982). Sport Officials' Perceptions of Fans, Players, and Their Occupations: A Comparative Study of Baseball and hockey. Journal of Sport Behavior. 5, 83-95.
- Nazarian, Ali Baqer; guide, rare; Student, Abdul Hamid; Sadeghipour, Hamidreza; Ashuri, Hossein; and Nazarian, Ali. (2011). Factors affecting referees' judgments in Iran's premier football league. Sports Management Studies, 9, 193-204. (in Persian)
- Nazarudin, M. N., Abdullah, M. R., Suppiah, P. K., Fauzee, M. S. O., Parnabas, V., & Abdullah, N. M. (2015). Decision making and performance of Malaysian rugby sevens referees. Mov Health Exerc, 4, 61-75.
- Rainey, D., & Schweickert, G. (1990). Fansʼ evaluations of Major League Baseball umpires' performances and perceptions of appropriate. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13(2), 122.
- Saifullahpour, Pirouz, Zarei, Ali, Khodayari, Abbas. (2019). The role of information technology on the quality of referees' performance in Iran's premier football league. Sports Science Quarterly, (), 91-104. (in Persian)
- Samuel, R. D., Aragão e Pina, J., Galily, Y., Travassos, B., Hochman, G., Figueiredo, P., & Tenenbaum, G. (2022). The effects of the 2020–2021 Coronavirus pandemic change-event on football refereeing: evidence from the Israeli and Portuguese leagues. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology.
- Thatcher, J. (2005). Stress, Challenge, and Impression Management among Sport Officials. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 1(1), 26-34.
- Vasilica, I., Silva, R., Costa, P., Figueira, B., & Vaz, L. (2022). Football refereeing: a systematic review and literature mapping. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(2), 388-401.
- Voight, M. (2009). Sources of stress and coping strategies of US soccer officials. Stress and Health, 25(1), 91-101.
- Webb, T., O’Gorman, J., & Markham, L. (2020). Striving for excellence: talent identification and development in English football refereeing. European Sport Management Quarterly.
- Weinberg, R. S. (2012). The Psychology of Judgment: Translated by Siros Chubineh. Research Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran: Omid Danesh. (in Persian)
- (2006). Judgment and decision making in sport and exercise: Rediscovery and new visions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 519–524.
)