نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی‌ارشد مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار مدیریت ورزشی، گروه روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
چکیده
در آغاز قرن بیست‌ویکم، تغییرات سریع چنان محیط را دگرگون کرده‌اند که مدیران به‌منظور سازگاری با تحولات باید راه‌‌‌های نوینی را بیابند تا بتوانند در صحنة رقابت باقی بمانند. درواقع، سازمانی موفق خواهد بود که بتواند به مزیت رقابتی دست یابد. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، اعتباریابی و رواییسنجی ابزار پرسشنامة مزیت رقابتی در ورزش بود. این پژوهش ازنوع مطالعات همبستگیبود. همة مشتریان مرد باشگاههای ورزشی (آمادگی جسمانی و بدنسازی) شهر زنجان جامعة آماری پژوهش را تشکیل دادند. باتوجهبهمعیارحداقلحجمنمونةلازمبرایگردآوری دادههادرتحلیلعاملی، 260 نفر از مشتریان به‌عنوان نمونة آماریتعیین شدند. پرسشنامه به‌صورت تصادفی دربین نمونه‌ها توزیع شدند. برای گردآوری دادهها از پرسشنامة مزیت رقابتی (حسینی، 2011) با پنج مؤلفة مزیت متجانس، مزیت مشهود، مزیت پویا، مزیت مرکب و مزیت پایدار استفاده شد. روش امتیازگذاری به سؤال‌ها برمبنای مقیاس پنج‌ارزشی لیکرت بود. روایی صوری و محتوایی پرسشنامه با کمک 10 تن از متخصصان علوم ورزشی تعیین شد. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل دادهها از آزمونهای آماری ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی برای تعیین پایایی درونی، از آزمون کیسر- می‌یر- اوکلین برای تعیین کفایت نمونهگیری، از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی برای شناسایی مؤلفهها و از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی برای تعیین روایی سازه استفاده شد. یافتهها نشان داد که پایایی مؤلفههای پرسشنامه از وضعیت قابل‌قبولی برخوردار بود. درخصوص روابط عاملها با مزیت رقابتی، نتایج نشان داد که تمامی عاملها توانستند تبیینکنندة خوبی برای مفهوم مزیت رقابتی باشند؛ درنتیجه، روایی درونی و بیرونی مدل مزیت رقابتی تأیید شد. با توجه به تأیید ابزار یادشده در این مطالعه، پژوهشگران آینده می‌توانند از ابزار حاضر برای تعیین مزیت رقابتی در ورزش استفاده کنند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Validation and Reliability of Competitive advantage Scale in Sport
نویسندگان [English]
- Hossein Kordlu 1
- Ahmad Tariverdi 1
- Hossein Poursoltani Zarandi 2
1 M.Sc. in Sport Management, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Sport Management, University of Payam Noor, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
In the early 21st century, rapid change has transformed so much the working environment of the managers are obliged to find new ways for their actions to adapt to evolution so that they can survive in the domestic and competitive arena. In fact, an organization will be successful that can achieve a competitive advantage. The purpose of the present study was to questionnaire determine validity and reliability of Competitive advantage Scale in the sport. This study was a kind of correlation analysis. The population of the study includes all male customers club sports (fitness and bodybuilding) Zanjan`s gave up. The sample according to the criterion of minimum required sample size for collecting data in the factor analysis, 260 customers were selected as sample. The questionnaire was distributed randomly. To gather the Competitive advantage factors affecting the questionnaire, customers (Hosseini, 2011), which has five components, homogeneous advantage, visible advantage, dynamic advantage, complex advantage, and constant advantage were used the Scoring method based on a Likert scale questions were worth 5. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined with the help of ten experts in Sports Sciences. In order to analyze test statistical Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Composite Reliability to determine the reliability of self-test, KMO for sampling adequacy taking, exploratory factor analysis to identify the parameters and confirmatory factor analysis to determine the validity of the statistical software SPSS 18 version and LISREL was used. the results about the relationships of factors with the meaning of Competitive advantage showed that all factors could be a good predictor for the concept of Competitive advantage, finally, the internal and external validity of Competitive advantage model was accepted. According to the approved instrument mentioned in this study, future researchers aimed to determine the extent of advertising by Competitive advantage tool can be used in the exercise.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Validation
- Tools
- Competitive Advantage
- Sport
- Afzal, S. (2013). Factors influencing successful brand extension into related and unrelated product categories. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(2), 216-26.
- Apostolopoulou, A., & Papadimitriou, D. (2004). Welcome home: Motivations and objectives of the 2004 grand national Olympic sponsors. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13(4), 180-92.
- Awuah, G. B., & Gebrekidan, D, A. (2008). Networked (interactive) position: A new view of developing andsustaining competitive advantage. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 18(4), 333-50.
- Bagheri, G., Shahpar, T. A., Zarifi, M., & Deldar, E. (2017). The relationship between internal marketing and organizational silence in Qom sport and youth departments. Applay Research of Sport Management and Biology, 4(20), 61-70. (Persian).
- Barbara, H. M., & William, F. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, A Welters Clawer Company. Available at: www.amazon.com. (Accessed 14 october 2017 ).
- Barney, J., & Wright, P. M. (2001). On becoming a strategic partner: the role of human resource in gaining competitive advantage. Human Resource Management, 37, 31-46.
- Ceglinski, P. (2016). The concept of competitive adventages. logic, sources and durability. Journal of Pocetive Management, 7(3), 57-70.
- Chen, Y. S., Lin, N., & Chang, C. H. (2009). The positive effects of relationship learning and absorptive capacity on innovation performance and competitive advantage in industrial markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(2), 152–8.
- Enz, C. A. (2010). Competitive dynamics and creating sustainable advantage. In C. Enz (Ed.), The cornell school of hotel administration handbook of applied hospitality strategy (pp. 297-305). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
- Eriksson, T. (2014). Processes, antecedents and outcomes of dynamic capabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(1), 65–82.
- Evans, D. M., & Smith, A. C. T. (2004). Internet sports marketing and competitive advantage for professional sports clubs: Bridging the gap between theory and practice. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 6(2), 9-21.
- Farzin, M. R., & Naad Alipour, Z. (2011). Identification of factors contributing to the competitive advantage of tourism destinations of Iran (Case study: Chabahar). Turism Management studies, 5(14), 41-67. (Persian).
- Guimaraes, J. C. F., Severo, E. A., & Vasconcelos, C. R. M. (2017). Sustainable competitive advantage: A survey of companies in Southern Brazil. Brazilian Business Review, 14(3), 352-67.
- Hesterly, W., & Barney, J. B. (2015). Strategic management and competitive advantage concepts and cases. London: Pearson Higher Ed.
- Hosseini, S. (2011). The study of relation between marketing performance and competitive advantage in commercial banks. (Master’ thesis). Islamic Azad University Kordestan, Sanandaj . (Persian).
- Huggins, R., & Izushi, H. (2015). The competitive advantage of nations: Origins and journey. Competitiveness Review. 25(5), 458-70.
- Lado, A. A., & Wilson, M. C. (2010). Human resource systems and sustaine competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 699-727.
- Lee, J. H., Kim, H. D., Ko, Y. J., & Sagas, M. (2011). The influence of service quality on satisfaction and intention: A gender segmentation strategy. Sport Management Review, 14(1), 54-63.
- Mazloomi, N., & Dadvand, S. (2012). Identification and ranking of effective factors in gaining competitive advantage of insurance companies. Iranian Journal of Insurance Research, 2(106), 81-109. (Persian).
- Mehri, A., & Khodadad Hosseini. H. (2005). Designing a competitive advantage model for automotive industry in Iran. Management Research of Iran, 9(2), 189-212. (Persian).
- Michele, E., Capella, . (2002). Measuring sport fans involvement: The fan behavior questionnaire. Sothern Business Review, 4(5), 30-6.
- Mirkazemi, S. O., Moodi, D., & Vahdani, M. (2017). The role of competitive advantage in customers satisfaction of swimming pools. Applied Research of Sport Management, 6(1), 89-96. (Persian).
- Moodi, D., Vahdani, M., & Mirkazemi, S. O. (2017). The role of customer relationship management in competitive advantage of swimming pools in Birjand city. Journal of Sport Management, 9(2), 259-72. (Persian).
- Nemec, J., Nemec, M., & Pavlík, M. (2014). Public financing of sports in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic: Processes and their evaluation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 11(12), 537-41.
- Ning, H. (2012). How to maintain sustainable competitive advantages: Case study on the evolution of organizational strategic management. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(5), 45-51.
- Refae, B. A. (2012). The relationships between service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions of Malaysian Spa Center customers. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(1), 198-205.
- Rezaei, H., Zaynali, Z., & Shekarchizadeh, Z. (2011). The effect of competitive intelligence on creating a competitive advantage. Journal of Business Management, 5(38), 9-25. (Persian).
- Robinson, L. (2006). Customer expectations of sport organizations management. Quarterly European Sport. 6(1), 67-84.
- Roudriguez, M. A., Ricart, J. E., & Sanchez, P. (2002). Sustainable development and the sustainability of competition advantages. Creativity and Innovation Management, 11(3), 53-78.
- Saatchian, V., Safari, H. R., Rasooli, S. M., Eskandari, E., & Elahi, A. R. (2013). The relationship of service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty with future intention for participation of fitness centers (Case study: Rasht township). Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 3(5), 126-37. (Persian).
- Theodorakis, N., Alexandris, K., Rodrigues, P. M., & Sarmento, P. J .(2004). Measuring customer satisfaction in the context of health clubs in Portugal. International Sports Journal, 8(1), 44-53.
- Vahdani, M., Moharramzadeh, M., & Talaei, R. (2014). Affective factors analyze in hosting sport major events of Urmia city based on Porter's model of competitive advantage. Journal of Sport Management, 7(5), 765-76. (Persian).
- Vinayan, G., Sreenivasan, J., & Govindan, M. (2012). Critical success factors of sustainable competitive advantage: A study in Malaysian manufacturing industries. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(22), 29-45.
- Wood, G. L. B., & Haber, J. (1997). Nursing research: Method, critical appraisal and utilization (4th ed). NewYork : Mosby Company.
- Zhou, Z. K., Brown, R. J., & Dev, S. C. (2009). Market orientation, competitive advantage, and performance: A demandbased perspective. Journal of Business Research, 62(11), 1027- 34.
)