طراحی و آزمون مدل مهاجرت ورزشی در ایران

Background and Purpose
Migration among developing countries and the Third World is of greater volume, challenges, and importance, because these countries lose more capital in the process of international human capital flow, and their development is usually slowed down under the influence of this phenomenon. In addition, the situation of the economic crisis in Iran and its motivation for migration has obvious differences with many crisis-stricken countries and with waves of migration because Iran is under international sanctions and global access restrictions, which increases the intensity of the motivation for migration and complicates the conditions of migration. Also, socially, the challenges and issues of Iranian society (social behavior, demands, lifestyle, etc.) have some unique characteristics that require local examination. Politically, the governance structure and domestic political atmosphere and foreign policy approach of Iran are very different from many other countries. In addition, culturally, Iran has high ethnic diversity, ideological background, different levels of values and ethics compared to many countries, all of which affect the tendency to migrate. Finally, in terms of sports, for example, there are limitations for Iranian athletes to participate in international arenas both from within the country and from abroad.
A review of research shows that despite abundant research abroad and some sports research within the country, there is a significant gap in sports management research and studies in the academic and organizational space within the country regarding the increasing phenomenon of sports migration. Based on scientific, media and organizational evidence, it seems that due to the fundamental differences between the cultural, social, economic and political conditions of countries like Iran and many other countries, there is a significant difference in the factors affecting sports migration. In addition, many researchers in advanced countries have always suggested that in matters related to the local conditions of countries, it is better to conduct cross-cultural research so that information from different countries can be examined. In this regard, comprehensive, process-oriented and model-oriented research in sports management (such as this research) can have informational and framework applications in the fields of environmental assessment, organizational planning, media content creation, etc. Therefore, due to the existence of such a gap in domestic studies in the field of sports and the lack of comprehensive and model-based research in examining the conditions and determining factors in sports migration, as well as paying attention to the types of sports migration, the present study focused on the following questions about the phenomenon of sports migration and sought to answer them: What factors affect sports migration? What is the framing and relationships between these factors? And finally, what is the conceptual model of the factors and relationships between them?
 
Materials and Methods
Considering the research topic, the research method was descriptive-correlational based on structural-conceptual modeling. The analyzed conceptual model is extracted from the qualitative part with an exploratory-systematic event (theme analysis), which could not be reported in this article due to the volume limitation. The statistical population of this research consisted of scientific and executive experts in the field of sports migration. A sufficient number of statistical samples were selected and consulted to test the model in a targeted and accessible manner (178 people). The selection criteria for the samples were based on the level of knowledge of the individuals about the research topic, career-sports experiences, education, and other characteristics related to the research topic. The questionnaire was distributed via email and social networks. The number of samples was estimated and selected based on the sufficient number for modeling in the PLS software as 10 to 20 times the number of questions related to the variable with the most questions in the model (Davari and Rezazadeh, 2016). Therefore, the number of questions with the variable with the highest number of questions (18 questions in the original repulsions variable) was estimated at 180 people. To ensure the receipt of the appropriate number of responses, 200 questionnaires were distributed, and out of the 183 questionnaires received, 178 questionnaires were fully answered and entered the analysis process. The gender ratio of the sample was 53 women and 98 men. The education of the respondents included 41 bachelor's degree holders, 74 master's degree holders, and 63 doctoral degree holders. The research tool used was a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative phase of the thesis (transforming the qualitative framework into a questionnaire). The questionnaire included variables and determining factors and was set on a 5-point Likert scale (from very low = 1 to very high = 5). The developed questionnaire was provided to 8 scientific and executive experts related to the research topic (expert sports management researcher and sports managers with doctoral degrees) to examine its content or face validity.
 
Findings
The modeling results showed that the repulsions of the country of origin (with a coefficient of 0.22), the attractions of the country of destination (0.39), the environmental media network (0.65) and the previous migration experiences (0.35) have a significant effect on the individual context of migration. The individual context of migration (0.60), the existing organizational framework (0.55) and the environmental migration services (0.35) have a significant effect on the tendency to sport migration. The tendency to sport migration has a significant effect on the consequences of sport migration for countries (0.65) and on the consequences for migrants (0.90).
Based on the results, it is clear that the environmental media network has the greatest impact on the individual context of migration, followed by the attractions of the destination country and previous migration experiences. These findings highlight the critical role of media and information flow in shaping perceptions and motivations regarding migration. Additionally, the individual context, which encompasses personal circumstances, ambitions, and constraints, is strongly influenced by both push and pull factors, as well as the support or lack thereof from organizational frameworks and migration services. The significant effect of the tendency to migrate on both the consequences for the country (such as loss of talent and capital) and for the migrants themselves (such as career advancement or challenges abroad) underscores the multi-layered and far-reaching impact of sports migration.
 
Conclusion
Based on the components and results related to the origin push and destination pull of migration, it is suggested that efforts be made to reduce the negative mindset towards the effect of push factors (promoting nationalism in athletes) and to improve the attraction factors within the country for elites and sports professionals by providing better sports, educational and career platforms in cooperation with private and social institutions. For example, to reduce the false attitude towards external pull factors, methods should be used to increase athletes and coaches' better understanding of the future of the migration route and the conditions of the destination (making and broadcasting realistic documentaries about the conditions of the country's sports migrants). The most important tool in this regard is the use of positive media flow in cooperation with sports media (Sports Network, Sports3, etc.) and sports page administrators, which should be supported by relevant specialized organizations such as federations, clubs, universities and other institutions.
In summary, this research provides a comprehensive, model-based framework for understanding the factors influencing sports migration in Iran. It emphasizes the importance of local context, the interplay of push and pull factors, the role of media, and the necessity of organizational and policy interventions to manage and mitigate the impact of sports migration on both individuals and the nation.