نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 مدیر آموزش و پژوهش آکادمی ملی المپیک جمهوری اسلامی ایران
2 استاد دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشگاه تهران
3 دانشیار گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
هدف این پژوهش تدوین مدل گذار ورزشکاران المپیکی ایران از حرفه ورزش به زندگی اجتماعی بود. روش پژوهش از نوع مطالعات کیفی با رویکرد نظریة داده بنیاد بود. گردآوری داده‌ها با استفاده از مصاحبه و بررسی اسناد صورت گرفت. پس از انجام 19 مصاحبۀ عمیق و نیمه ساختاریافته با افراد با سابقه و دارای تجربه غنی در حیطه ورزش‌های المپیکی ایران شامل مدیران، مربیان، ورزشکاران مطرح و متخصصین علوم ورزشی، مقوله‌های اصلی پس از تکمیل فرایند کدگذاری استخراج گردید. نمونه‌گیری به‌صورت هدفمند و گلوله برفی تا حد اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. پس از تکمیل یافته‌ها مدل زمینه‌ای بر‌اساس مدل سیستماتیک استراس و کوربین (1994) طراحی گردید. نتایج تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار تحلیل کیفی مکس کیودا، طی سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی به‌دست آمد. به‌طوری‌که طی فرآیند کدگذاری باز مقوله‌هایی شامل عوامل علّی، عوامل زمینه‌ای، عوامل مداخله‌گر، اقدامات و راهبردها و پیامدهای ناشی از مقوله اصلی تحقیق استخراج گردید؛ سپس در مرحله کدگذاری محوری، پیوند میان این مقوله‌ها ذیل عناوین شرایط علّی (قابلیت‌های سازمانی ورزش کشور، خود ورزشکار، سیستم اطلاع‌رسانی، میزان حمایت از ورزشکار، محیط)، عوامل زمینه‌ای (ماهیت ورزش قهرمانی، ساختار ورزش کشور، محیط فعالیت و رشد ورزشکار)، عوامل مداخله‌گر (توانمندی‌های ورزشکار و چالش‌های ورزش قهرمانی)، راهبردهای موثر (در دو سطح سازمانی و ملی) و پیامدهای حاصل از به‌کارگیری راهبردها (مثبت و منفی) در قالب پارادایم کدگذاری تعیین شد؛ در ادامه و در مرحله کدگذاری انتخابی، یکایک اجزای پارادایم کدگذاری تشریح، سیر داستان ترسیم و نظریه خلق شده؛ درنهایت، گزاره‌های حکمی و فرضیه‌های راهبردی پژوهش تدوین گردید.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Develop a model for the transition of Iranian Olympic athletes from sports profession to social life
نویسندگان [English]
- Nahid Karimi 1
- Mahmoud Goodarzi 2
- ebrahim alidoust Ghahfaraki 3
1 Education & Research Department Director, of National Olympic Academy of I.R.IRAN
2 Professor of Physical education and sport sciences faculty of Tehran University
3 associate professor in sport management, university of Tehran
چکیده [English]
The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the transition of Iranian Olympic athletes from sports profession to social life. The method of this research was qualitative research with grounded theory approach. Data were collected using interviews and document review. After conducting 19 deep and semi-structured interviews with people with experience and rich experience in the field of Iranian Olympic sports, including managers, coaches, prominent athletes and sports scientists, the main categories were extracted after completing the coding process. Purposive and snowball sampling was done until theoretical saturation. After completing the findings, the background model was designed based on the systematic model of Strauss and Corbin (1994). Data analysis in three steps: open, axial and selective coding was achieved by using MAXQDA software. In the process of open coding, categories including causal factors, contextual factors, interfering factors, actions and strategies and consequences of the main category of research were extracted; Then, in the axial coding stage, the link between these categories under the headings of causal conditions (organizational capabilities of the country's sports, the athlete, information system, the level of support for the athlete, environment), contextual factors , intervening factors (athlete abilities and challenges of championship sport), effective strategies and consequences of applying strategies were determined in the form of coding paradigm; Then, in the selective coding phases, each component of the coding paradigm described, the line depicts, and the theory was created; Finally, the judgment propositions and strategic hypotheses of the research were formulated.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Professional transfer of athletes
- athlete’s retirement
- life skills
- Grounded theory
- Adecco Group. (2019). Athlete365 Career+ Outreach Workbook, pp.3-5.
- RC. (2012). A Case Study of Athletic Training Educator’s Sports Care Responsibilities, Service, and Professional Advancement in Athletic Training Education Programs, Marshall University, Marshall Digital Scholar, Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 408
- (2018). Athletes’ Rights and Responsibilities Declaration, 133 IOC Session, Buenos Aires.
- Barcza-Renner, K; Shipherd, AM.; and Basevitch, I (2020) "A Qualitative Examination of Sport Retirement in Former NCAA Division I Athletes," Journal of Athlete Development and Experience: 2(1).
- Coakley JJ. (1983). Leaving competitive sport: retirement or rebirth? Quest; 35:1–11.
- H., Alvani, SM and Azar, A (2004). Methodology Qualitative research in management: a comprehensive approach. Tehran: Saffar Publications. (Persian).
7. Deborah Agnew (2021). Athlete Transitions into Retirement: Experiences in Elite Sport and Options for Effective Support, ISBN:9780367432867, Published August 13, 2021 by Routledge, 232 Pages .
- S., & Lavallee, D. (2012). Career transitions. In T. Morris & P. Terry (Eds.), The new sport and exercise psychology companion, Fitness Information Technology pp. 567-582.
- Hardcastle, S., Tye, M., Glassey, R. Hagger, M. (2015). Exploring the perceived effectiveness of a life skills development program for high-performance athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 16 (3): pp. 139-149.
- International Olympic Committee, (2014). safeguarding athletes from harassment and abuse in sport IOC Toolkit for IFs and NOCs.
- International Olympic Committee, (2018). Ethic Code book, Ethic Commission of IOC.
- International Olympic Committee, (2019). Olympic Charter, chapter 1, 1-2, p.17
- R, (2018). Sport Administration Manual Book, International Olympic Committee, pp. 58
- Jones MI & Lavallee D (2009) Exploring the life skills needs of British adolescent athletes, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10 (1), pp. 159-167.
- G, (2013). Are professional athletes ready for life after sport? Cardiff School of Sport, Metropolitan University, Dissertation in degree of bachelor of science (honours), Sports coaching.
- J., Flemr, L., (2008). Athletic career termination model in the Czech Republic, International Review for The Sociology of Sport, 43(3): 251-269.
- D., Park. S & Taylor. J. (2014). Career transition among athletes: Is there life after sports? In: Williams JM, Krane V (ed.). Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance, 7 ed. Asia Higher Education Health and Human Performance Physical Education/Exercise Science, McGraw-Hill, pp. 490-509.
- Mateu, P., Inglés, E., Torregrossa, M., Marques, R. F. R., Stambulova, N., & Vilanova, A. (2020). Living Life Through Sport: The Transition of Elite Spanish Student-Athletes to a University Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1367).
- McKnight, KM., Bernes, KB., Gunn, T., Chorney, D., Orr, DT., & Bardick, AD. (2009). Life After Sport: Athletic Career Transition and Transferable Skills. Journal of Excellence, 13, 63-77.
- Morris, L and Cherry, M. (2007). Career planning and development in elite sport: an AFL perspective, in ANZAM 2007: Managing our intellectual and social capital, Promaco Conventions, Canning Bridge, W.A: 1-16.
- Mousavi, SJ. (2014). Investigating the factors affecting the end of the championship of professional athletes, Research Journal of Sports Management and Motor Behavior, 10(20): 143-154. (persion)
- Nancy, KS. (1981). A Model for analyzing human adaptation to transition, SAGE Journals, The Coundeling Psychologist, 9(2): 2-18.
- S, Dorothee. A, Traci. S, and Jean. C. (2009). ISSP Position Stand: Career Development and Transitions of Athletes, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(4):395-412.
- S. (2010). Counseling Athletes in Career Transitions: The Five-Step Career Planning Strategy, Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 1:95–105.
- Natalia B. Stambulova, Tatiana V. Ryba & Kristoffer Henriksen (2021) Career development and transitions of athletes: the International Society of Sport Psychology Position Stand Revisited, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19:4, 524-550, DOI: 10.1080/1612197X.2020.1737836.
- NCAA (2019). Estimated probability of competing in professional athletics. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/ estimated-probability-competing-professional-athletics
- S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2012) Athletes’ career transition out of sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 22-53
- Reifsteck EJ, Gill DL, Labban JD. (2016). “Athletes” and “exercisers”: understanding identity, motivation, and physical activity participation in former college athletes. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol; 5:25–38.
- Robert, G., David, L., Sandy, G., & John, HH. (1998). Account-Making: A Model for understanding and Resolving Distressful Reactions to Retirement from Sport, Hunan Kinetics Publishers, 12(1):52-67.
- M., David. & Emily. O. (2015) An Analysis of Organizational Structure and Transition Outcomes in the Youth-to-Senior Professional Soccer Transition, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 27:2, 216-234.
- H., zandi mashhadi. N., zolaktaf. V., minasian. V. (2014). Factor Analysis of the Retirement Decision Inventory for Iranian Elite Athletes. JRSM.; 6 (12) :1-15. (persion)
- Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Trepanier, D., & Oghene, O. (2015). Psychological support for the Canadian Olympic boxing team in meta-transitions through the national team program. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 74–89
- Stambulova, N., & Samuel, R. D. (2021). Career transitions. In D. Hackfort, & R. J. Schinke (Eds.), Routledge encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology.
- Strauss, A., and Corbin J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques.
- MF. (2012). Athletic Career Transition: A qualitative inquiry into ex-athletes’ experiences of the sports system in Singapore, Master Thesis in Sport and Exercise Psychology, Department of Sport Sciences University of Jyvaskyla, pp1-15
- Yao PL, Laurencelle L, Trudeau F. (2020). Former athletes’ lifestyle and self-definition changes after retirement from sports. J Sport Health Sci, 9:376_83.
)