نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه گیلان
2 دانشگاه گیلان
چکیده
هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارائه چارچوبی برای تحلیل نقش دیپلماسی ورزشی در ارتقا تعاملات بین‌المللی بود. روش تحقیق از نوع کیفی با رویکرد تحلیل سیستماتیک می‌باشد. جامعه آماری شامل مدیران حال حاضر و سابق کمیته ملی المپیک و فدراسیون‌های ورزشی و ادارات ورزش و جوانان، اساتید علوم سیاسی و روابط بین‌الملل و اساتید مدیریت ورزشی و جامعه اطلاعاتی بود. از روش نمونه‌گیری غیراحتمالی هدفمند نظری و تکنیک گلوله برفی برای انتخاب اعضای شرکت‌کننده در تحقیق استفاده شد (16 نفر). ابزارهای پژوهش شامل مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای نظام‌مند و مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته بود. روایی ابزار با استفاده از روش‌های روایی-سنجی کیفی مطلوب ارزیابی شد (روایی محتوایی، ضریب کاپا). از روش کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی برای تحلیل یافته‌ها استفاده گردید. چارچوب تحلیلی ارائه شده شامل شش منظر اصلی شرایط علی، پدیده محوری، شرایط زمینه‌ای، عوامل مداخله-گر، راهبردها و پیامدها بود. درنهایت پیوند بین این مقوله‌ها در قالب مدل پارادایمی پژوهش تعیین گردید و نظریه نهایی شکل گرفت. از این‌رو، با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان گفت که، دیپلماسی ورزشی در جهان امروز، از جمله ابزارهای مهمی است که دولت‌ها برای رسیدن به اهداف خود از آن بهره‌برداری می‌کنند. در خصوص وضعیت دیپلماسی ورزشی کشور، اگرچه تا حدودی شاهد روند رو به رشدی هستیم ولی همچنان با فقدان فرایندی نظام‌مند و سازمان‌یافته مواجه هستیم. بنابراین، سازمان‌های متولی ورزش کشور نیازمند اتخاذ تدابیر لازم هستند تا از طریق توسعه دیپلماسی ورزشی، بهبود روابط صلح‌آمیز با کشورهای دیگر در سطح منطقه، قاره و جهان حاصل شده و این امر باعث ارتقا تعاملات بین‌المللی شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Role of Sports Diplomacy in Promoting International Interactions (grounded theory)
نویسندگان [English]
- Seyyedeh shima mousavi gargari 1
- Noshin Benar 2
- shahram shafiee 2
1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan
2 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan
چکیده [English]
The aim of this study was to provide a framework for analyzing the role of sports diplomacy in promoting international interactions. Research methodology is qualitative with systematic analysis approach. The statistical population included current and former managers of the National Olympic Committee, Sport Federations, Youth and Sport Offices, Professors of Political Science and International Relations, Professors of Sport Management and the Information community. Purposive non-probability sampling and snowball technique were used to select the members of the study (n = 16). Research tools included systematic library study and the exploratory interview structure. The validity of tools using qualitative narrative methods was evaluated at a desirable level (Content validity, Kappa coefficient). Open, axial, and selective coding methods were used to analyze the findings. Presented analytical framework included six main perspectives of causal conditions, axial phenomena, contextual conditions, interventionist conditions, strategies and outcomes. Finally, link between these categories was determined by paradigm model of research and final theory was formed. Therefore, according to the findings of study, it can be said that in today's world, sports diplomacy is one of the important tools that governments use to achieve their goals. Regarding the state of sports diplomacy in our country, although there is a growing trend, there is still the lack of a systematic process. Therefore, the governing bodies of sport in our country need to make a strategy to develop sports diplomacy and improve peaceful relations with other countries at the regional, continental and global level and which will promote international interactions.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Sports Diplomacy
- Sport
- Promotion
- International Interactions
- Abolhassan Shirazi, H. (2018). Cultural diplomacy and the role of friendship societies in international communication. International Communication Quarterly, 10(38), 9-38. (in Persian).
- Amini, A., & Anami Alamdari, S. (2013). Globalization of culture and the function of cultural diplomacy in foreign policy. Strategic Quarterly, 21(65), 393-413. (in Persian).
- Azhdari, L., Farhangi, A. A., Salehi Amiri, S. R., & Soltanifar, M. (2018). Model of Islamic Republic of Iran Public cultural diplomacy. Culture-Communication Studies, 18(38), 68-102. (in Persian).
- Babai, M., Simbar, R., Soleimani Kashaye, S., & Rezaei, M. (2016). The effect of sports diplomacy on soft power in the international system. Strategic Study of Sport and Youth, 14(29),143-159. (in Persian).
- Dubinsky, Y. (2018). The image of Beijing and London in Israeli media coverage of the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games. The International Journal of Sport and Society, 9(2), 37-50.
- Eltiami Nia, R., & Mohammadi Azizabadi, M. (2016). The subordinate and accelerating role of sport in providing conditions for peace among governments. International Political Research Quarterly, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, 22, 149-179. (in Persian).
- Ghorbani, n. (2013). a study of the Challenges of Iranian public diplomacy in the Persian Gulf Region (Case study: Bahrain and Iraq) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian).
- Green, M., & Hollian, B. (2008). Policy making and prioritization in the development of championship sport (R. Gharakhanloo, & E. Gharakhanloo, Trans). Tehran: National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (in Persian).
- Grix, J. (2013). Sport politics and the Olympics. Political Studies Review, 11(1),
15-25. - Houlihan, B. (2002). 11 Political involvements in sport, physical education and recreation. The sociology of sport and physical education, 190.
- Keshavarz, L., Farahani, A., & Bahramipur, B. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting the acquisition of international sports seats by Iranian representatives. Journal of Sport Management and Development, 7(4), 2-15. (in Persian).
- Khodadad Kashi, F., & Karimnia, E. (2017). Investigating the impact of economic and social factors on countries' sports success at the Olympics (1996- 2012). Journal of Economic Modeling Research, (25), 43-67. (in Persian).
- Kobierecki, M. M., & Strożek, P. (2017). Sport as a factor of nation branding: A quantitative approach. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 34:7-8,
697-712. - Kobierecki, M. M. (2016). Ping–Pong diplomacy and its legacy in the American foreign policy. Polish Political Science Yearbook, 45, 304–316.
- Kobierecki, M. M. (2017). Sports performance and shaping international image of a China: Towards Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Polish Political Science Yearbook, 46(1), 304-416.
- Malkotian, M. (2009). Sports and Politics. Journal of Politics, 39(2), 301-316.
- Mehregan, F., Faghihi, A. H., & Mirsepassi, N. (2018). The role of political participation and the democratic system in shaping political culture (Case study: Kurdish citizens in Iraqi Kurdistan). Journal of Public Transition Policy in Managemen, 9(30), 1-19. (in Persian).
- Malkotians, M. (2010). Sports and politics. Journal of Politics, 39(2), 301-316. (in Persian).
- Mohammadi Azizabadi, M. (2018). The place of sport in domestic and international politics for peace and friendship. Journal of Politics, 4(40), 113-123. (in Persian).
- Moradi, S., Khaledian, M., & Mostafaie, F. (2015). The role of sport in developing intercultural and social communication. 4(6), 55-60. (in Persian).
- Mousavi Shafaie, M., Imani, H., & Faghri, M. (2017). China's economic diplomacy and global empowerment. International Political Economy Studies, 1(2), 156-171.
(in Persian). - Munt, V. M. (2015). Game, set, match: Sports and the future of diplomacy (Unpublished master’s thesis). CUNY City College.
- Murray, S. (2012). Sports-diplomacy: A hybrid of two halves. Available at: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org (Accessed 1 September 2012).
- Nai, J. (2011). Soft power, the tools of success in international politics (S. M. Rouhani, & M Zolfaghari, Trans). Tehran: Imam Hussein University of Technology, Tehran. (in Persian).
- Ozsari, A., Fisekcioglu, İ. B., Cetin, M. C., & Temel, A. S. (2018). Sport diplomacy as public diplomacy element. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 6(3), 339-349.
- Parks, J. (2017). Promoting authority through sport by states and societies of Eastern Europe. Wissenschaftliches Netzwerk, Integration und Desintegration: Zur Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte des Osteuropäischen Sports im Internationalen Vergleich. Available at: http://www.leibniz-ios.de (Accessed 11 Januar 2017).
- Petersen, K. (2013). Nation building in South Africa. Available at: http://rudar.ruc.dk /bitstream/1800/11344/1/Nation%20building%20in%20South%20Africa%20CE.pdf (Accessed 4 August 2016).
- Rasekh, N., & Javadipour, M. (2018). The role of sport and the development of sport diplomacy in the promotion of socio-cultural policies and foreign relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sport Management. 11(2), 219-234. (in Persian).
- Rooney, P. (2012). Sport for Development and Peace: the case of Northern Ireland. Master of Arts–Environment, Society and Development, 1-69.
- Sabaghian, A. (2015). Sport diplomacy. Culture-Communication Studies, 16(31), 131-151. (in Persian).
- Sajjadi, S. N., Mahmoudi, A., Saatchi, V., & Haji Akhundzadeh, M. (2012). Investigating the priorities and strategies for improving the judo championship of iran from the perspective perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 6(2), 231-246.
(in Persian). - Shaabani Bahar, Gh. R., Erfani, N., Goodarzi, M., & Monsaf, A. (2015). Application of path analysis model to explain effective indicators of Iranian teams' sports success in international events. Applied Research in Sport Management, 3(3), 117-131.
(in Persian). - Shabani Moghadam, K., & Farahani, A. (2016). Politics and international relations in sport. Tehran: Organization of Academic Jihad Publications. (in Persian).
- Shariati Feizabadi, M. (2019). A comparative study of sport diplomacy in the development of foreign relations of iran and selected countries. Journal of Political Science, 1(29), 125-148. (in Persian).
- Shariati, M., & Goodarzi, M. (2017). Structural modeling (SEM) of the components of sport diplomacy in the development of international relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. New Approaches to Sport Management, 5(16), 89-104. (in Persian).
- Soleimani Pourlak, F. (2017). The challenges and needs of Iranian economic diplomacy and its foreign policy requirements. Parliament and Strategy Quarterly, 23(88), 325-358. (in Persian).
- Theiner, P. (2017). Faster, higher, stronger? The political effects of sports mega-events. Paper presented at ISA Annual Conference, Baltimore.
- Tofighi, O. (2012). Jam news agency sports group. Thursday. Newsletter: 10080065197. Available at: http://jamejamonline.ir/sport/671145522913982611.
(in Persian). - Zargar, A. (2016). Sport and international relations: Conceptual and theoretical aspects. Journal of Political Science, 11(32), 7-48. (in Persian).
)