Sport Management Studies

Presenting a Model of Inhibiting Factors Affecting Racist Behaviors in Sports Using Grounded Theory Strategy

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

hamed karimpour razkenari 1
Masouneh kalateh seifari 2
hamidreza mirsafian 3

1 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

2 Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

3 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22089/smrj.2025.18023.4157
Abstract
Racism in sports remains a global issue, undermining values of equality and fairness. Despite awareness and anti-racism efforts, structural, economic, and socio-cultural factors perpetuate discrimination in sports. This study uses a grounded theory approach to identify and model factors inhibiting racist behaviors, exploring economic disparities, political policies, cultural stereotypes, and organizational dynamics. The goal is to provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders to foster inclusive, anti-racist sports environments.
Materials and Methods
This qualitative, exploratory research involved 15 experts in sports management, sociology, and psychology, along with coaches and referees with direct experience of racism. Purposive and snowball sampling ensured participant relevance. Semi-structured interviews explored factors preventing racism and control strategies. Data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding using MAXQDA 2020. Validity was confirmed via triangulation and intercoder reliability of 83%.
Findings
Analysis revealed 142 concepts grouped into 21 categories and six main components: causal conditions (power structures, policies, economic inequalities), the core phenomenon (racist behaviors), contextual conditions (cultural stereotypes, media influence), intervening conditions (key actors like coaches and fans), strategies (education, policy reforms), and positive outcomes (mental health improvement, inclusivity).
Conclusion
Racism in sports stems from deep-rooted structural, economic, and cultural factors. Effective solutions require education, capacity-building, transparent policies, and inclusive organizations. Addressing racism enhances athletes’ well-being and participation, offering a comprehensive framework for creating equitable sports environments.

Keywords

racism
sports
discrimination
violence
justice
Subjects
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Sport Management Studies
Volume 18, Issue 95
March and April 2026
Pages 121-94

  • Receive Date 19 May 2025
  • Revise Date 20 September 2025
  • Accept Date 11 October 2025

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