https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/ Sport Management Studies en daily 1 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4847.html The purpose of this research was to analyze the cultural issues of sports federations and clubs in the country. Also, due to its application, Q methodology is also considered as a mixed research. The statistical population of this research included heads of teams, sports federations, managers of sports clubs, professors of sports management, specialists in the field of cultural and sports activities, members of the media and sports sociologists. 32 people completed the Q questionnaire, and due to the confusion of 4 questionnaires, the analysis was performed on 28 people. In total, 7 mental patterns were identified regarding the damage caused by the cultural issues of sports federations and sports clubs in the country, and these 7 factors explained 85.6% of the variances. Using Q methodology, mental patterns were prioritized, and these mental patterns included politicians, idealists, managementists, environmentalists, individualists, contradictionists, and cover-ups, respectively. In a general conclusion, it should be stated that all the identified damages can disrupt part of the cultural activities of federations and sports clubs, and addressing the way out of these damages has a special role for managers. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to get out of this situation, there is a proper management in the field of cultural and sports activities. For this purpose, it is suggested that in the organizational structure of sports clubs and federations, certain vice-chairs are required to implement and report on cultural activities. effective and perform social responsibility activities. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4527.html Sociological factors play a significant role in shaping the behavior of electronic sports consumers. Investigating and identifying sociological factors effective in the behavior of esports consumers in Iran can help the progress of this field. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to provide a model of sociological factors effective in the behavior of esports consumers in Iran. The current research method is qualitative and exploratory research, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered as part of applied research. The participants in this research were experts and experienced people in the field of e-sports, including e-sports players, e-sports club managers, e-sports coaches, and sports sociologists, and the purposeful sampling method was used in the research. To collect information, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants and theoretical saturation was achieved with 17 interviews. For data analysis, Glazer's data base theory method was used to obtain information for this research. The research results show that the model of sociological factors effective in the behavior of esports consumers in Iran consists of six selected categories, which include cultural factors, economic and social status, peer groups, social media, reference groups and demographic factors. Finally, according to the effective sociological pattern in the behavior of consumers of esports, it is necessary to create the necessary measures to create a suitable platform for development. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4410.html The aim of the present study was to investigate the refereeing of professional football in Iran with the selected players of the European continent. The research is qualitative with a descriptive nature and based on a comparative approach. The countries of Italy, England and Spain have been selected purposefully and on the basis of having a higher professional league level based on reliable sources. The data has been collected through library documents, searching in global networks, reports and scientific articles and in the form of Goorge Beredy‌ model (description, interpretation, neighbor and comparison). The results showed that Iran has the lowest And Spain has the highest salary payment to its referees, and except for Iran, all countries have full-time referees (monthly salary). All countries have set a minimum age to enter the field of arbitration. Iran has the least and Italy the most modern arbitration technology. Iran with 22 and Spain with 44 have the lowest and highest number of international referees and assistant referees, respectively. Iran has the least (one) and England has the most (5) professional leagues, and Iran has the highest number of referees (32) and assistant referees (55) with 16 teams. All countries, except Italy, have determined levels of refereeing for their referees. Taking advantage of the experience of the selected countries by managers and those involved in the field of football and refereeing is necessary in order to move in the direction of progress and professionalization of refereeing in the country's football. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4809.html Racism in sports remains a global issue, undermining values of equality and fairness. Despite awareness and anti-racism efforts, structural, economic, and socio-cultural factors perpetuate discrimination in sports. This study uses a grounded theory approach to identify and model factors inhibiting racist behaviors, exploring economic disparities, political policies, cultural stereotypes, and organizational dynamics. The goal is to provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders to foster inclusive, anti-racist sports environments.Materials and MethodsThis qualitative, exploratory research involved 15 experts in sports management, sociology, and psychology, along with coaches and referees with direct experience of racism. Purposive and snowball sampling ensured participant relevance. Semi-structured interviews explored factors preventing racism and control strategies. Data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding using MAXQDA 2020. Validity was confirmed via triangulation and intercoder reliability of 83%.FindingsAnalysis revealed 142 concepts grouped into 21 categories and six main components: causal conditions (power structures, policies, economic inequalities), the core phenomenon (racist behaviors), contextual conditions (cultural stereotypes, media influence), intervening conditions (key actors like coaches and fans), strategies (education, policy reforms), and positive outcomes (mental health improvement, inclusivity).ConclusionRacism in sports stems from deep-rooted structural, economic, and cultural factors. Effective solutions require education, capacity-building, transparent policies, and inclusive organizations. Addressing racism enhances athletes’ well-being and participation, offering a comprehensive framework for creating equitable sports environments. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4923.html : The purpose of this research was to study the effect of bullying experienced in the workplace on the knowledge hiding behavior of employees of sports and youth Offices with the mediating role of workplace friendship. This applied study was conducted using a survey research method. All 232 employees of the Golestan sports and youth departments constituted the statistical population of this study. Based on the Cochran formula, the sample size required for this study was 145 employees and their selection was carried out using a stratified random method. The data measurement tools included 3 questionnaires of experienced bullying (Einarsen et al., 2009), friendship in the workplace (Rai and Agrawal, 2018), and knowledge hiding (Fatima et al., 2021). The data analysis for the research was conducted using both descriptive and inferential methods.The results indicated that experiencing bullying has a negative and significant impact on workplace friendships among employees in the sports and youth department. Additionally, it was found that bullying experiences have a positive and significant effect on knowledge hiding among these employees. Lastly, the analysis revealed that the effect of bullying on knowledge hiding is significant, with workplace friendship playing a mediating role. Considering the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the experience of bullying by employees can affect their friendly relationships with colleagues and cause negative work behaviors such as knowledge hiding in them. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3753.html Many factors can affect on the successful or failure of every organization. So they should be recognize and control by organizations. In this regard, the purpose of this study was factor analysis of affecting on the Tehran province Taekwondo board. Statistical population included all level managers in Tehran province taekwondo board, Tehran province cities, and different geographical parts of Tehran taekwondo boards, coaches, referees, national and international champions from 60 -90 decades (N=500) . Based on Morgan table 217 persons, respectively was chosen cluster-randomly for research sample. To achieve the study objectives, researcher-made questionnaire was used whit 28 questions. Validity of questionnaire was confirmed by 15 experts. Its reliability also was accepted in a preliminary study including 30 examinees and calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.892. In order to analyze the data, by descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, exploratory factor analysis together with Varimax rotation and Friedman tests were used SPSS software. The finding indicated that 7 factors effect on the Tehran province Taekwondo board performance, including human resources, technical knowledge, management and financial resource, organization, events organization, Taekwondo social acceptability, that express 52.784% of total population variance. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3754.html The purpose of this study was to design relationship model of organizational culture and organizational intelligence in Kerman province Youth and Sport general administration. Statistical population included all personnel of Kerman province Youth and Sport general administration (N = 170). Based on Morgan table 118 persons, respectively was chosen randomly for research sample. Two Questionnaires of the Denison organizational culture and Albrecht organizational intelligence were used to achieve the research objectives. Validity of the two questionnaires were confirmed by 15 experts and their reliability were studied in a preliminary study with 30 subjects and were confirmed by Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.87, and 0.83 respectively. Analysis of the collected data done by descriptive approach and inferential statistics methods, including K-S, single sample t-test, Pearson correlation, and structural equations with the help of SPSS and AMOS software. Results of the research showed that organizational culture and organizational intelligence in Kerman province Youth and Sport general administration are desirable. There is a significant relationship between organizational culture and organizational intelligence (p≤0.01, r=0.74). There is also a significant relationship between all sub-scales of organizational culture and organizational intelligence. Organizational intelligence has a noteworthy effect on organizational culture in Kerman province Sports and Youth general administration. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3756.html AbstractThe main aims of this research are two folds: Discovering the indexes of the performance evaluation of sport federations and prioritizing the indexes according to a series of mathematic principles outcome from statistical hieratical analysis. The statistical samples include federation monitoring committee’s staff, federations’ vice presidents, federation secretaries, province sport committees and expert professors of sport management. The research tool is a questionnaire form based on AHP principles. The validity of the questionnaire form verified by a group of academic experts. The rate of responses’ consistency which equals to 0.04 (less than 0.1) verified according to the Tomas table. Nine indexes including management, financial, championship, education, monitoring and control, research, information technology, humanity work force and cultural work force are used in the questionnaire form. The significance of each index is determined according to the pair comparisons. The weight of each index is calculated using the Expert Choice software tool. The results show that the management index locates in the first rank while the cultural index places in rank nine. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3760.html The purpose of this research was to study the factors affecting to brand equity of sport tourism destinations from the perspective of sport tourists. Statistical society were all of the demostic and foreign sport tourists. Statistical sample were 576. The research instrument was a questionnaire that had been used in Konecnik& Gartner (2007) and Boo et al (2009) survey, with high validity and reliability (α = 0.83) . descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used for data analysis and verify the theoretically proposed model and test the separate hypotheses. The SPSS,16 was used to do descriptive statistics and EQS 20, software for structural equation modeling (SEM) . The results showed that all variables have direct influence on brand equity except the variable of awareness. Image has greatest impact on the brand equity of sport tourism destinations. From the perspective of sports tourists, Iranian sport tourism destinations is a safe destination and has a beautiful scenery and nature, pleasant climate and natural sporting attractions. Overall, sport tourists was not loyal to Iranian sport events and sport tourism destinations and Iranian sport destination was not one of the preferred destination to visit from the sport tourist’s perspective, because Iranian sport tourism destinations has not a good name & reputation to raise awareness of the tourism destinations and have not a readily available travel information and have not high quality of infrastructure and sport facilities for hosting major sporting events. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3762.html The purpose of this study was factor analysis of sport for all development barriers in SAIPA Car Manufacturing Co. Statistical population included all employees of SAIPA Co. (N=11000). Based on Morgan table 375 persons, respectively was chosen cluster-randomly for research sample. To achieve the study objectives, researcher-made questionnaire was used. Validity of questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts. Its reliability also was accepted in a preliminary study including 30 examinees and calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.93. In order to analyze the data, by descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, exploratory factor analysis together with Varimax rotation and Friedman tests were used aiding SPSS. The finding indicated that 8 factors in general are assumed as sport for all development barriers in SAIPA Co., including managerial barriers, facilities and equipment barriers, social and cultural barriers, individual barriers, economical barriers, psychological barriers, promotive barriers and health barriers respectively, that express 54.63% of total population variance. Hence, in order to sport for all development in organizations as a process to create vitality and increase the health of physical and mental at human resources, whom it can affect at organizational productivity, it is recommended that organizations, especially car manufacturing companies in a serious effort to fix the barriers mentioned. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_3763.html Abstract:This article aims to examine the role of mass media in the development of human resources, financial resources and facilities and championship sport infrastructure. Research is in applied research category, and is considered cross-correlation. The population of this study consisted of all heads of sports federations, managers of sport clubs, experts and university professors experienced with activities and research in the field of champion sport and the association, administrators and reporters and producers of radio and television sports network, sports reporters of mass media, member of the sports journalists, that are totally 1227 people. Sample of 384 subjects were selected using disproportionate stratified random sampling method the measuring tool of questionnaire is gathered through the interview. In order to check the validity of the study and to investigate research questions confirmatory factor analysis was used and also an exploratory factor analysis was used in order to determine the development of the champion sport. Statistical operations were carried out using SPSS version 22 and EXCEL software version 2013. LISREL software was used to provide a research model. The results suggest that mass media play a role in the development of human resources, financial resources, the development of sports facilities, and championship sport infrastructure that each of these factors has nine, nine and eight indices. Key words: development, financial and human resources, legal environment, cultural environment, media, championship sports https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4310.html The current research is qualitative in terms of fundamental purpose and strategy. To collect data, interviews with experts and documentary methods were used. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the research data; It included library studies, content analysis method and review of 28 studies (domestic and foreign) and semi-structured interviews with 19 experts and experts in the field of sports management. The statistical population of all experts related to sports management includes sports and political management of the country, professors and faculty members of universities in the field of sports management. A non-random sampling method was chosen from a targeted and accessible type. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The theme analysis method was used to analyze the data. In this method, based on Atrid Sterling's (2001) perspective, the theme network analysis tool was used. The results showed that the factors affecting the headlines of the statement of the second step of the revolution in the dimension of justice and fighting against corruption in the country's sports are in four areas (anti-corruption, sports rights, promotion of justice in sports, gender justice) with 86 coders. According to the obtained results, it is suggested that the National Olympic Committee, the Ministry of Sports and Youth and the sports federations act strongly by removing the corrupt and depraved sports managers and replacing them with clean, entrepreneurial, creative and revolutionary managers in order to realize the motto of Iran's strong sport. to be https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4327.html The implementation of the principles of sustainable development in sports has been emphasized by the International Olympic Committee. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the sustainable development of sports in Iran. This research in terms of purpose; It is practical and in terms of the implementation method, it is descriptive-survey type in which both quantitative and qualitative methods are used. At first, data was collected and categorized using theoretical foundations, research records and hand-held documents. Through an in-depth study and interviews with 16 experts in the field of sports and the country's environment, the factors affecting the sustainable development of the country's sports were identified. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) was used to prioritize criteria. The results showed that the data distribution was normal. Based on the research findings, 4 criteria and 21 sub-criteria were identified as effective components. The "social/cultural" criterion has the highest degree of importance, followed by the "environmental/health" and "approach/management" criteria. "Economic" criteria also had the lowest priority. On the other hand, the paired-fuzzy comparison of the sub-criteria also showed that the sub-criterion "combating the social exclusion of people" had the highest importance, followed by "developing the activities of young people, and improving their involvement in collective life and sports responsibility institutions". While the "economic" criterion is less important, indicating that this parameter cannot play a role as a deterrent to moving towards sustainable development. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4335.html The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational health with Performance of employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth. The statistical population of the study was all experts working in the Ministry of Sports and Youth; they hold at least an associate degree and were 400 people. The sample size was estimated 200 according to the Morgan table. The sampling method was randomized stratification. The research method is correlation functional. OHI Hoy et al (1998) Organizational Health Questionnaire and self-performance Questionnairewith 0.88 and .91 Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used for the data collection. face and content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed with 15 cases of teachers. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Spearman correlation coefficients, ratio test (binomial), Structural Equation. The results showed that: status of Organizational health and performance of staff is appropriate, there is significant relationship between dimensions of organizational health and organizational health and performance of the staff , based on structural equation, Academic emphasis and support resources have the greatest impact on Performance. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4382.html Sports and tourism have common goals, which include motivating and encouraging people to have fun and fresh activities to get rid of the stresses of daily life. One of the special groups to achieve the common goals of sports and tourism for the elderly. The aim of this study was developing a model for the sports tourism for the elderly in Iran. The participants included 15 university experts, sports and tourism managers who were selected purposefully. In the second step and library studies, resources with the keywords of tourism, sports management and the elderly were examined. At first, using the grounded theory method, data analysis and categories were identified. Analysis and data and category identifiers were done in three stages of open, central and selective coding, and 22 main categories were identified which included generated income, development and improvement of infrastructure, work, friends, justice, cultural development, recreation, elderly sports tourism, well-being, axial sports, foresight and goal setting, recognition, pragmatism, networking, decentralization, technology and modern science, experience, comprehensiveness, specialization, rules and regulations, advertising and, competition and identification that were presented in a systematic model format In this regard, the use of appropriate strategies in the development and cultivation of sports tourism for the elderly in the field of infrastructure development, educational development and human resources development should be on the agenda of the relevant authorities. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4405.html The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting organizational transparency in the Iranian Football Federation. The statistical population included managers and experts in the football federation, provincial boards, professional football clubs, football media, legal and regulatory units in the National Olympic Committee and the Ministry of Youth Sports; Due to their abundance and dispersion, the statistical sample was selected as available and finally included 315 people. The tool used was a researcher-made questionnaire with 68 questions and three general parts. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert professors and the reliability value was 0.89, which indicated its good reliability. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS and PLS3 software. The findings of the research showed that the distribution of the data was normal and the coefficients of the obtained factor loadings for all indicators were greater than 0.65, according to which all the indicators remained in the model. The results of the correlation test also showed that there is a proper correlation between all the components of the research; And finally, based on the structural model with standard coefficients, all relationships were confirmed. Considering the importance of the issue of organizational transparency in an important organization such as the Football Federation, managers and officials should pay special attention to it and in order to develop and improve it, consider the necessary plans and measures, and thus organizational productivity improve themselves. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4491.html The aim of the current research was to model the use of new technologies in the development of sport for all in Iran. This research is quantitative, applied and descriptive. The statistical population of research was formed by the managers and experts of the country's sports federations who had a bachelor's degree or higher and had at least 5 years of work experience, and their number was approximately 1000 people according to the inquiry from the General Department of Human Resources of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. 278 people were selected as a statistical sample according to Krejcie and Morgan's table and using relative random sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which was confirmed in the current research, and for the purpose of analyzing the collected data, descriptive statistics as well as the test Structural equation modeling was used in SPSS23 and SmartPLS3.1.1 software. The research results showed that the research model is appropriate and the causal factors have a significant effect on the central phenomenon and the central phenomenon, background factors and intervening factors have a significant effect on strategies and strategies also have a significant effect on outcomes. Therefore, by examining and considering the effective factors and applying the presented solutions, it is possible to achieve the development of sport for all in different national and international dimensions. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4493.html The purpose of the present research was to model the structural equations of factors affecting the behavior of customers in buying sportswear from online stores.This research was descriptive-correlation in terms of type,applied in terms of purpose and field implementation method.The statistical population of the present study included all customers of sports products (at least one experience of online shopping from online stores). According to the uncertainty of the exact number of customers based on Cochran's formula for the unknown volume, the statistical sample was selected as 384 people, of which 384 people answered completely and were analyzed. The measuring tool of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the qualitative survey stage of the research (theme analysis).The content and face validity of these tools were confirmed by 11 experts in sports management and e-commerce experts, and the reliability of the tool was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability and construct validity, convergent validity and divergent validity using factor analysis. The results showed shopping addiction(0.77), ease and cost-effectiveness(0.86), perceived quality of the website(0.89), advertisements(0.85),and trust(0.76) on customers' shopping behavior. Sportswear has a significant effect.Based on the findings, it can be said that the marketers and distribution and sales channels of sportswear should pay attention to the products offered on the sites and the functional quality of the products in order to have a greater impact on the behavior of customers so that they can influence the behavior of sportswear customers in online stores. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4613.html The overall objective of the study was to investigate the economic barriers to attracting foreign investment in professional football in Iran. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In order to identify economic barriers to attracting foreign investment in football, articles published in the databases Human Kinetics, Science Direct, Sage, Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar were used. The keywords of foreign investment in production, development of professional clubs, investment in commercial sports and other appropriate keywords in both Persian and English were used to search for articles. Finally, 5 main components that were reported in more than eight studies were selected. Then, 12 experts were interviewed to identify indicators appropriate to the situation of professional football in Iran and 21 indicators were identified. In the next step, a questionnaire with 5 components and 21 items was developed and after confirming the validity and obtaining reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 87/. To rank the components, 118 experts and specialists in the field of stock exchange and investment were used voluntarily. The results showed that the lack of up-to-date foreign investment laws, the state-owned nature of clubs, the weakness in the legislative process, the inappropriateness of laws for global trade, and the lack of attention to global standards are the most important obstacles to attracting foreign investment in Iranian professional football. Therefore, providing the necessary platforms for foreign investment to provide financial resources in Iranian professional football through the development of up-to-date laws that are in line with global developments is essential. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4614.html The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating in depth the development of the grassroots football talent development environment in Iran. The present study is a mixed type in which variables were first collected in the real context through interviews using a qualitative method and then the required analyses were performed using a quantitative method. At the qualitative level, the grounded theory method with a constructivist approach was used, and at the quantitative level, the analyses were performed using the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population in the qualitative part was the country's football experts, specifically, the football federation instructors, the managers of the country's leading club academies, and the national grassroots coaches who were proficient in the field of grassroots football, and in the quantitative part of the research, it included instructors, coaches, managers, and physical education teachers from all over the country. The research tool included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, coding and the structural equation method were used. Data analysis was performed in SPSS.27 and PLS.4 software. The findings of the qualitative part of the research identified the key players in this field as the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the Football Federation, clubs, and education. In general, the development of grassroots football in Iran requires the creation of a supportive environment. Such an environment will occur with the interaction of the aforementioned organizations. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4615.html Volunteering is the backbone of civil society, having a tremendous impact by providing social services and by influencing the people receiving these services. The aim of this research is to sociological analysis of sport volunteering: a Bourdieusian Prespective, that was done with a qualitative method and a critical ethnography approach at the sport volunteers from participating in the students cultural-sports Olympiads. Based on this, the research was operationalized using the five-stag of the Karspeakan approach, which was examined and analyzed in an emic and etic way by recording reflective notes. In this regard, the researcher entered the field and collected the desired data first as an external observer and together with participatory observation and interviews in different times at the places of these sports events, the field of research did completed; In this way, the research in the presented framework went through its next stages until finally it led to the expansion of the data derived from thematic analysis. Ten overarching themes were obtained from the analysis of the research findings, which include the feeling of good friendship and togetherness, social feelings and expectations, Freedom from isolation and depression caused by coronavirus, serving fellow human beings, institutional challenges, raising the city and university flag, foundations of volunteering, love for volunteering, attention and recognition the values of volunteering, acquiring opportunities and work experiences. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4616.html The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of artificial intelligence technology on the development of sports startups with the mediating role of sports entrepreneurship. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of collection, which is quantitative in terms of research approach. The statistical population was sports management professors, experts in science and technology park, and sports startups and entrepreneurs in Tehran and Alborz provinces. The sample size was determined based on Cohen's method of 232 people, and due to the existence of incomplete questionnaires, 224 questionnaires were analyzed. The measurement tools were standard questionnaires, the validity of the questionnaires was determined using diagnostic, convergent and divergent validity criteria, and the reliability of artificial intelligence, sports startups and sports entrepreneurship questionnaires was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.88, 0.81 respectively and 0.85 was reported, which shows that all three questionnaires have good reliability. To analyze the research hypotheses, the structural equation model was used by SPSS19 and AMOS23 software. The findings of the research showed that artificial intelligence technology has an effect on sports startups and sports entrepreneurship 0.14 and 0.37, respectively, and sports entrepreneurship has a 0.58 effect on sports startups. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on Baron and Kenny's table, the mediating type of sports entrepreneurship in the effect of artificial intelligence technology on the development of sports startups is full mediating. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4617.html AbstractThe purpose of this research was to provide the development model of futsal schools in Kerman province. This was an applied and exploratory research carried out using the Grounded theory. The research population consisted of 20 coaches, players, club CEOs and officials. These participants were selected through purposive sampling and based on theoretical saturation criteria. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The collected data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding and the final model was extracted. In order to check the validity of the findings, Goba and Lincoln (1994) indexes were used and to evaluate the reliability, intra-subject agreement was conducted. Based on the results of the research, causal factors included talent search, and cultural-social, background conditions consisted of software and hardware facilities, intervening factors was the categories of legal, external management and competitions, strategies in the categories of personnel, internal management, perspective and educational issues, and finally the consequences included economic and community health factors. The results of this research can be considered as a basis for the development of futsal schools in Kerman province. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4618.html purpose of this research was to identify the entrepreneurial opportunities of the Turkmen Sahra equestrian. The current research was a mixed exploratory research. In the qualitative phase of the research, 15 experts participated in semi-structured interviews using the snowball sampling method. The statistical population of the research includes tourists, line managers and competition course staff, horse event judges, traders active in the horse industry, horse equipment and tool sellers, trainers and trainers of horse riders, horse riders, owners of horse clubs and horse breeders, agricultural experts. Active in the field of nutrition and breeding and pedigree, the human resources of stables of equestrian complexes, local residents active in course competitions, tourism agencies and veterinarians active in the course of competitions and horse health were 150 people were selected by purposefully sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative phase of the research, which included the variables of entrepreneurial opportunities of holding an event, entrepreneurial opportunities of horse breeding, entrepreneurial opportunities of horse tourism, entrepreneurial opportunities of treatment, and entrepreneurial opportunities of logistics, which after evaluating the reliability of the qualitative phase Using recoding method (α≥0.73) and quantitative phase reliability using Cronbach's alpha method (α≥0.71) was used. In order to analyze the data, partial least squares technique was used using Smart PLS-3 software and SPS software. The results of the data analysis showed that the entrepreneurial opportunities of horse tourism and the entrepreneurial opportunities of holding competitions have the highest path coefficient. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4619.html This research has been done with the aim of ranking the mass financing methods in Iranian football clubs, the gray system research method is described by gray numbers, gray equations and gray matrices. The statistical population of the present research in this research is all officials and senior and middle managers of the football federation and all informed managers of professional football clubs. The title of the statistical sample was considered, and the available method was used for sampling. The collection tool in this research is a well-made questionnaire. The questionnaire is based on a 5-point Likert scale. In order to check the data of this research, the multi-indicator decision making modeling method of Ashashri and software (MCMDsoCver 2018) will be used. The results of the research show that the first rank is related to the trust-building component, the second rank is the creation of financial concentration, the third rank is the expansion of the penetration rate, and the fourth rank is the social driving factors in sports. Also, in the factor of creating financial concentration, being sensitive to public interests and creating process capital was the most important factor. In terms of expanding the penetration factor, the design of applications had the highest score. Also, in the factor of social stimuli in sports, the dimensions of the economic dimension and the attraction of supporters in sports were the most important factors. In the trust-building factor, high liquidity capacity shows the highest score. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4669.html AbstractThe purpose of this study was determining the relationship between Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Organization Climate (OC) in a sample of sport experts working in sport organization of Tehran’s Municipality. The method of the research was corelational. Statistical sample was equal with statistical population (90 N), but only 83% of them were analyzed. For data collection three instruments were used: Demographic, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Netemeyer et al, 1997), (α=.75) and the Organization Climate (Sussman and Deep, 1989), (α=.78). For data analyses, appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics (like: Pearson correlation, Spearman, point by serial, two variate regression and multiple regression) are used. The results indicate that there was a significant relationship between OCB, and OC and its dimensions. The analysis of the data through regression show that OC was a significant predictor of OCB, accounting for 28% of the variance and among OC variables, both “Goal obviousness” and “Consent of reward” were significant predictor of OCB, accounting for 31% of the variance. Also, no significant relationship between OCB & mediator variables (age, gender & tenure) is observed (p> .05). It can be concluded that in this organization, generating an appropriate climate can be influential in OCB. Spatially, having acceptable goals and fairly salary system can be useful for flourishing OCBs. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4671.html This study aimed to develop a model of the motivations that drive famous athletes to engage in political activities.The research employed a correlational design with a structural equation modeling approach.The population included managers of sports federations and the Ministry of Sports and Youth, experienced coaches at the national level, athletes with a history of participating in and winning medals at Asian, Olympic, and World Games, and experts in the field of competitive and professional sports (approximately 200 individuals).A purposive sampling method was used to select 117 participants.Data was collected using a self-developed questionnaire on the motivations of famous athletes to participate in political activities, consisting of 69 items and8dimensions.The content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by 11professors and experts in sports management.The reliability of the overall questionnaire (α =0.883)and its dimensions was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.For data analysis, descriptive statistics were used in SPSS software, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in AMOS. The results of the first and second-order confirmatory factor analysis showed that the t-values and factor loadings of all indicators related to the motivations of athletes' participation in political activities were acceptable, and the model had a good fit. Moreover,"political,""supportive," and "managerial" motivations had the greatest impact on athletes' participation in political activities. In conclusion, athletes' participation in the political arena is influenced by a complex set of motivations, including political, supportive, managerial, individual, family, sports, social, economic, and fame-related motivations. Each of these motivations specifically influences their decision-making and participation in politics. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4895.html Customer experience is a critical factor in the success of sports clubs, significantly influencing customer retention and loyalty. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive model to enhance customer experience in sports clubs in Isfahan City. Using a three-round Delphi method, data were collected from 20 experts in sports management and customer services. The structured, online data collection process employed content validity indices (CVI) to ensure the validity of the proposed model.The findings identified 13 key dimensions influencing customer experience in sports clubs: advertising, human factors, social factors, support services, environmental factors, service delivery processes, customer-related factors, past experiences, physical factors, marketing strategies, service characteristics, branding, and perceived quality. These dimensions were further divided into 77 sub-dimensions, which collectively formed the basis of a comprehensive model. The results highlighted the pivotal roles of targeted advertising, professional staff interaction, efficient support services, and improvements in the physical and environmental infrastructure of clubs in enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study concludes that an integrated approach addressing all aspects of customer experience can create sustainable satisfaction and strengthen the competitive position of sports clubs. The proposed model offers practical guidance for sports club managers to identify weaknesses and implement effective improvements. The study's limitations include its focus on Isfahan City and reliance on expert opinions rather than empirical customer data. Future studies are recommended to test this model in other regions and incorporate diverse datasets to further refine its applicability. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4911.html This research aimed to analyze factors affecting the occurrence and expansion of the phenomenon of Silent Bullying in sports organizations. This research employed a descriptive-exploratory approach, utilizing the Glaserian grounded theory methodology to develop a theoretical understanding rooted in empirical data. Before interviews, a preliminary list of potential factors influencing silent bullying was compiled through an extensive literature review. The interviews, ranging from 35 to 60 minutes, were conducted both in-person and online. In adherence to grounded theory principles, data collection and analysis were conducted concurrently. Each interview was transcribed, analyzed, and coded iteratively, with emerging findings guiding subsequent interviews and participant selection. This iterative process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved after 15 interviews, though 18 individuals were ultimately interviewed to ensure thoroughness. The comprehensive qualitative analysis yielded a rich dataset, from which 126 distinct concepts (codes) were extracted. These concepts were systematically categorized into 22 sub-categories, which in turn converged into seven overarching main categories. These categories collectively represent the multifarious factors influencing the occurrence and proliferation of silent bullying within sports organizations. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4924.html Sports coaches, as key agents in the physical education process, play a multidimensional role in the technical, cognitive, psychological, and social development of athletes. The complexity of this role necessitates a diverse and intertwined set of competencies that enable effective coaching in the dynamic landscape of contemporary sports. Therefore, identifying and comprehensively delineating these competencies is deemed an undeniable necessity for enhancing the educational and professional standards of coaches. The present study aims to develop a conceptual model of sports coaches' competencies using a qualitative meta-synthesis approach. In this context, relevant studies were retrieved from reputable scientific databases and analyzed through thematic analysis after quality assessment. The results of this analysis revealed that coaches' competencies can be classified into seven main components: Professional knowledge, Professional skills, Management and leadership skills, Interpersonal knowledge and skills, Intrapersonal knowledge and skills, Professional attitude, and Motivational skills. These components have been systematically articulated within a conceptual model. The proposed model can serve as a credible foundation for designing training programs for coaches, evaluating their professional performance, and formulating effective policies in the realm of physical education and the development of human resources in sports. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4925.html Sport plays an important role in strengthening socio-political bonds and legitimizing governments, through which governments and politicians legitimize their actions in a sacred way. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify and analyze the position of sport in the political legitimacy of governments. The research method was based on a qualitative approach and using the content analysis method. Research data was obtained from all scientific-research articles, dissertations, and theses in the fields of politics and sports. In order to confirm and assess the transferability of the research, the results and findings were provided to five professors in the fields of politics and sports, and its internal and external validity was confirmed. In order to ensure the compatibility or quality of the research, the data analysis method was provided to two referees in the specialized field and approved. The findings showed that 121 primary codes, 26 sub-themes and 10 main themes of soft power, identity and nationalism, social guidance and control, strengthening government and public policy, sovereign function, urban governance, development, political discourse and media, equal opportunity and peacebuilding are centered in the framework of political legitimacy of governments.As a result, sport, as a socio-political institution, has become an effective tool for legitimizing governments through multiple functions such as strengthening national identity, exercising social control, developing public diplomacy, and increasing symbolic capital. This institution helps to strengthen the foundations of political legitimacy both domestically by creating consensus and social cohesion, and internationally by demonstrating the effectiveness of governance. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4926.html The present study aimed to determine the mental model of experts concerning talent development factors in youth football. This research is applied and exploratory studies; since it employs the Q-methodology, it is a mixed-methods research. The data collection methods included library research and semi-structured in-depth interviews. The statistical population consisted of all veterans, instructors, talent scouts, and sports management specialists in the field of youth football. The sample at the first level included 11 experts selected purposefully, and at the second level, 25 talent scouts and researchers were selected using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. The research tools were divided into two sections: interviews and Q diagrams. The validity of all checklists in the qualitative section of the research was confirmed through face and content validity by five experts, and to assess the reliability of the Q diagram and cards, the inter-rater reliability method was used. Statistical methods were applied in two sections: interviews (coding techniques, summarization, filtering) and Q factor analysis. The findings revealed that the most important talent development factors in youth football were identified within five mental models: technical-oriented, educational-oriented, experience-oriented, development-oriented, and equipment-oriented. Talent development has become the missing link and an influential factor in the development of professional football, and one of the reasons for this is the lack of awareness regarding the important factors in talent development of youth football. By utilizing the identified factors in the present research, it is possible to act more effectively and efficiently in the area of talent development. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4939.html The main objective of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the development of championship sports in Iran. The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and using the grounded theory method in the systematic manner of Strauss and Corbin. Two methods of library studies and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 21 elites familiar with the field of championship sports were used to collect data. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling method and snowball sampling. In order to measure qualitative validity, a process of confirmation by participants and expert review was carried out. Also, to examine the reliability of the data, a process audit method was used, as a result of which the agreement rate was calculated to be 93%. The data analysis process was carried out based on the continuous comparison method and in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. These categories include politicization and structural interference in the governance system of championship sports, development of Iranian championship sports, reform and strengthening of sports governance and management structures, commercialization and privatization of the sports industry, expansion of the professional club system and strengthening of sports diplomacy, development of standard sports infrastructure and spaces, design of a national sports talent search system, effective and efficient management, macro space and intra-organizational capacities, efficient human resources, and multidimensional sustainability and strategic efficiency in the championship sports system. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4986.html The most important mission of brands is to maintain sustainable differentiation in today's competitive conditions. Today, despite the existence of countless brands and the increase in competition between them, a brand that cannot quickly adapt to environmental changes, or in other words, is not agile, is out of the choice of consumers. Therefore, maintaining brand agility is very important in today's era. For this reason, in the current research, the design of the brand agility model in sportswear brands was discussed due to the high competition of these brands with domestic and foreign competitors. This research is exploratory in terms of its purpose and qualitative in terms of the nature of the data. In the present study, seven university professors were interviewed using snowball sampling and 19 managers and experts of brand and marketing of sportswear brands were interviewed using purposive sampling. Grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data and the data were categorized according to three stages of open, axial and selective coding. Results of the research showed Management and leadership style, strategic, structural, cultural, marketing, innovative factors, and factors related to the brand (causal conditions) influence brand agility. The findings confirmed the effect of brand agility, contextual factors, and intervening factors on strategies (brand adaptability, flexibility, innovation, and quality/cost) and the effect of these strategies on consequences. The results of this research have helped a lot to make brand management of organizations more agile and provide a useful research path for future research. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_5049.html The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of business capabilities on financing performance with the mediating role of financial management efficiency in sports startups. This research is descriptive-correlational and applied in terms of purpose and was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population included experts and specialists in sports businesses, and the data were collected with a researcher-made questionnaire. Structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS and SmartPLS software. The findings showed that business capabilities do not have a direct effect on financing performance, but they do affect it through financial management efficiency. These results confirm the mediating role of financial management efficiency in transforming organizational capabilities into better financial performance and emphasize the importance of developing efficient financial systems along with strengthening business capabilities as the main condition for the financial success of sports startups. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_5054.html The sampling was carried out in a purposeful manner using the theoretical saturation technique, during which 15 key informants were selected and interviewed to identify the framework of gamification indicators in sports with the approach of promoting children's sports motivation. The data collection tool included semi-structured interviews (with focus groups) and document study. In this study, four categories were considered as causal conditions: changing lifestyles of families and educational environments, lack of new motivational approaches in children's sports education, dominance of digital game culture and non-motorized entertainment, and decline in children's sports motivation in traditional systems, psychological and behavioral characteristics of children, educational infrastructure and sports environment, cultural and social system governing children's sports as the main background factors, qualification and attitude of sports coaches, and children's sports planning and policy-making system. Considering the set of concepts extracted from the analysis of interviews and final codes, the researcher considered the subcategory of strategy as; Designing and implementing a gamification-based training program for children. The final part of the gamification model in sports with the approach of promoting children's sports motivation includes increasing children's motivation and psychological involvement in sports activities, strengthening children's social and behavioral skills in the context of sports, changing basic sports training methods, increasing sustainable participation, and reducing sports attrition in children. https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_5055.html This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework for peace-oriented social transformation in women's sports in Iran. A qualitative research method was employed using a multi-grounded theory approach (combining interviews and textual analysis). Data were extracted from two sources: interviews with 16 academic and executive experts, and analysis of 27 scholarly articles. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, using a purposive sampling method. Research tools included semi-structured interviews and a structured framework for textual analysis. Validity and reliability were confirmed through inter-coder agreement (Kappa coefficient = 0.71). Data analysis followed multi-grounded theory coding procedures. The results revealed that, based on the coding framework, 209 initial conceptual codes were categorized into 6 main themes, 12 selective codes, and 56 core codes. The six main themes and their subcategories included: driving factors (causal conditions), challenges (intervening conditions), contextual factors, the transformation process (phenomenon), capacity-building (strategies), and outcomes (consequences) of peace-oriented social transformation in women's sports. The conceptual model integrates primary and secondary factors, providing a comprehensive framework to explain the systematic relationships among various components of this phenomenon. The findings indicate that peace-oriented social transformation in women's sports requires a systematic, multi-level approach that holistically addresses the identified drivers, challenges, and contextual factors.