Sport Management Studies

An Educational Program Pattern in Sports to Achieve Gender Equality and Violence Prevention against Women

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Mahshid Gholi poor 1
Sara Keshkar 2

1 Ph.D. Student in Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22089/smrj.2020.9095.3080
Abstract
The aim of this qualitative research was to present an educational program pattern to achieve gender equality and violence prevention against women in sports and using grounded theory based on the Strauss-Corbin approach. The participants consisted of women sports experts including professors of sports management, researchers in the field of women's sports, managers and authorities of sports organizations, coaches, athletes, sociologists and psychologists (N=21) who were selected by using judgement sampling method and participated in the interview. Open, axial and selective coding methods were used to analyze the data. In a semi-structured interview with experts, a set of basic themes was collected during the coding process, and categories were extracted from them. In the axial coding stage, relationships between categories under the heading of causal conditions including motivational skills, the main phenomenon including gender awareness, strategies including anger management skills and environmental education, intervening conditions including gender and culture, contextual factors including participatory learning, and outcomes including cognitive skills and social skills were identified in the coding paradigm. In the selective coding stage, all components of the coding paradigm were described; the model was drawn and the theory was formulated and presented. The research results extracted 8 main components and 21 sub-components presented in the form of a theoretical frame based on the grounded theory. Results indicates that the factor of training coaches and athletes is an essential factor to achieve gender equality and prevent violence against women.

Keywords

Education
Gender equality
Grounded Theory
Sport
Violence
  1. Abbaszadeh, M. (2012). Validity and reliability in qualitative researches. Journal of Applied Sociology, 45, 19-34. (in Persian).
  2. Ahmadi, Y., Sohrabzadeh, M., & Ashayeri, T. (2015). Sociological analysis approaches and goals of gender equality in human development. Journal of Social Development, 8(4), 155–176. (in Persian).
  3. Akbari, M., Jafarzadeh, M., Zali, M. R., & Razavi, S. M. (2014). A review of the mixed research method (2nd ed.). Tehran: Tehran University Press. (in Persian).
  4. Akers, R. L., & Sellers, C. S. (2004), Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application (4th ed). Los Angeles: Roxbury.
  5. Anderson, E. (2008). “I used to think women were weak”: Orthodox masculinity, gender segregation, and sport. Sociological Forum, 23(2), 257-280.
  6. Atmar, Weiss. (2010). Basics of sport sociology (K. Rasekh, Trans). Tehran: Ney Publication. (in Persian).
  7. Brace-Govan, J. (2004). Weighty matters: Control of women's access to physical strength. The Sociological Review, 52(4), 503-531.
  8. Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
  9. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2006). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. London: Sage Publication Inc.
  10. Cesari, J. (2012). Saudi women going to Games is a sham. Available at: Special to CNN (Accessed 8 January 2014).
  11. Coakley, J. (2003). Sport in society: Issues and controversies (8th ed.). MA, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  12. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Strategies for qualitative data analysis. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
  13. Delavar, A. (2004). Fundamentals of opinion and practical research. Tehran: Roshd. (in Persian).
  14. Danaeifar, H & Emami, S. M. (2007). Qualitative Research Strategies: A Reflection on Data Theory Theory. Strategic management Thought. 1(2), 69-97. (in Persian).
  15. Gholipoor, M., & Kashkar, S. (2020). The effect of exercise on gender equality and prevention of violence against women. Paper presented at the National Conference on Women and Sports, Tehran. (in Persian).
  16. Hajipour Sardavi, S. (2019). A time to end violence against women. Islamic Republic News Agency. Available at: IRNA (Accessed 30 November 2019). (in Persian).
  17. Hancock, M., Lyras, A., & Ha, J.-P. (2013). Sport for development programs for girls and women: A global assessment. Journal of Sport for Development, 1(1), 15-24.
  18. Hayhurst, L., Sundstrom, L., & Arksey, E. (2017). Navigating norms: Charting gender-based violence prevention and sexual health rights through global-local sport for development and peace relations in Nicaragua. Sociology of Sport Journal, 35(3), 1-42.
  19. Hayhurst, L. M. C., MacNeill, M., Kidd, B., & Knoppers, A. (2014). Gender relations, gender-based violence and sport for development and peace: Questions, concerns and cautions emerging from Uganda. Women's Studies International Forum, 47, 157-167.
  20. Hemmati, R., & Maktoobian, M. (2013). A study on gender inequality among the selected Middle East countries: With an emphasis on Iran’s position. Women's Research Journal, 4(8), 115-142. (in Persian).
  21. Hosseini, S. H., Mohseni, R. A, & Firozjaeian, A. A. (2019). The sociological explanation of violence against women (an experimental study). Social Studies and Research in Iran, 8(2), 411-432. (in Persian).
  22. Jaime, M. C. D., McCauley, H. L., Tancredi, D. J., Nettiksimmons, J., Decker, M. R., Silverman, J. G.,Miller, E. (2015). Athletic coaches as violence prevention advocates. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(7), 1090-1111.
  23. Kaufman, P., & Wolff, E. A. (2010). Playing and protesting: Sport as a vehicle for social change. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(2), 154-175.
  24. Kay, T. (2009). Developing through sport: Evidencing sport impacts on young people. Sport in Society, 12(9), 1177-1191.
  25. Kidd, B. (2008). A new social movement: Sport for development and peace. Sport in Society, 11(4), 370-380.
  26. Lim, S. Y., & Dixon, M. A. (2018). A conceptual framework of sport participation and women’s empowerment. Managing Sport and Leisure, 22(5), 400-413.
  27. Liston, R., Mortimer, S., Hamilton, G., & Cameron, R. (2017). A team effort: Preventing violence against women through sport. Melbourne: RMIT University and Our Watch.
  28. Ludermir, A. B., Schraiber, L. B., D'Oliveira, A. F., França-Junior, I., & Jansen, H. A. (2008). Violence against women by their intimate partner and common mental disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 66(4), 1008-1018.
  29. Miller, E., Jones, K. A., Ripper, L., Paglisotti, T., Mulbah, P., & Abebe, K. Z. (2020). An athletic coach-delivered middle school gender violence prevention program: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(3), 233-249.
  30. Meier, M., & Saavedra, M. (2009). Esther Phiri and the Moutawakel effect in Zambia: An analysis of the use of female role models in sport-for-development. Sport in Society, 12(9), 1158-1176.
  31. Mohammad Pour, A. (2010). Meta method (The philosojhic and practical foundation): Tehran: Sociologs Publication. (in Persian).
  32. Motameni, A., Hemmati, A., & Moradi, H. (2014). Identifying and prioritizing the barriers for women's sports activities. Sports Management Studies, 6(24), 111-130. (in Persian).
  33. Montazerolmahdi, S. (2015). Impact of acquiring provocation control skills on mitigating anger, mental security, conjugal satisfaction and young couples, esprit. Social Security Studies, 2(43), 21-36. (in Persian).
  34. Naghdi, A., Balali, E., & Imani, P. (2011). A study on socio-cultural barriers of women's participation in sports (Case study: 20-40 year-old female athletes and non-athletes in Hamedan province). Women in Development and Politics, 9(1), 163-147. (in Persian).
  35. Niyazi, M., Afra, H., Nejadi, A., & Sokhaii, A. (2017). Meta-analysis of factors influencing violence against women. Women's Research Journal, 8(22), 83-104. (in Persian).
  36. O'Riordan, S. S., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2008). Aspects of the media and their relevance to bulimic attitudes and tendencies among female college students. Eating behaviors, 9(2), 247-250.
  37. Panahi, H., Salmani, B., & Al-Imran, S. A. (2016). The impact of gender inequality in education on Iran's economic growth. Economic Sociology and Development, 5(1), 43-61. (in Persian).
  38. Poudel T. N. (2016). Gender and violence in school: Current phenomena and copping strategies. The SIJ Transactions on Advances in Space Research & Earth Exploration (ASREE), 4(6), 1-8.
  39. Qaderzadeh, O., & Hosseini, S. C. (2015). Women’s sports and its meaningful implications. Women in Development and Politics (Women's Research), 13(3), 309-334. (in Persian).
  40. Rezaei, Sh. D. (2018). Designing a revenue model for Iranian Football Clubs: With grounded theory approach. Applied Research of Sport Management, 6(3), 101-116. (in Persian).
  41. Saavedra, M. (2005). Women, sport and development. International Platform on Sport and Development, 4(2): 225- 253.
  42. Sedaghat Zadegan, Sh. (2006). Sociability through sports. Olympic Quarterly. 13(4), 61-71. (in Persian).
  43. Saeediyān, F., & Nili, M. R. (2011). A study on the effect of assertiveness training on social adjustment and positive self-concept for head-of-household women. Clinical Psychology Studies, 2(5), 91-115. (in Persian).
  44. Sammut, D., & Bradbury-Jones, C. (2019). A systematic review. Trauma, Violence and Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019843198.
  45. Sedighi, S., & Zakaei, M. S. (2015). Femininity and sports. Social Psychological Studies of Women, 13(2), 67-92. (in Persian).
  46. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques. Thousand, Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  47. Streubert Speziale, H., & Rinaldi Carpenter, D. (2011). Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins Co.
  48. Vakili, P. (2007). Assessing the impact of problem-solving skills training (P.S.S.T) on controlling adolescent anger in 15-12 year old boys. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 2(6), 39-48. (in Persian).
  49. Williams, D. J., & Neville, F. G. (2014). Sport-related domestic violence: Exploring the complex relationship between sporting events and domestic violence. Overcoming Domestic Violence, Social issues, justice and status, Nova Science Publishers, New York, 241-157.
Sport Management Studies
Volume 13, Issue 68
September and October 2021
Pages 1-29

  • Receive Date 15 June 2020
  • Revise Date 17 October 2020
  • Accept Date 27 October 2020

Home

Publication Ethics

Submit Manuscript

News

Journal Metrics

Contact Us