Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this study was the influence of micro and macro level indicators on sports participation. This practical study has been implemented through applied field method. The first statistical population was all the 99 gyms, swimming pools and stadiums that belong to Ahvaz Department of Sport and Youth and other governmental offices. The second statistical population was 66135 individuals who use the sport facilities. The statistical sample of both populations, were selected among 86 sport arenas and 384 individuals by using Morgan table. Data collecting method was researcher’s questionnaire. Regression model with random coefficients was used for analysing data and testing hypotheses from descriptive statistics and inferential statistical and ANOVA model with random effects was used in HLM6 software. The results showed that at the micro-level related to sport infrastructures, the elements such as information and services, healthcare and maintenance, parking design, aesthetic, safety, control and monitoring, proximity and positioning, access to sport complex affect people’s sports participation. At the individual indicators of micro level, respectively, income, education level and at the macro-level, swimming pool and multipurpose gym are the most important variables for participation. Generally speaking, according to the findings, at the macro-level by improving sports infrastructure and at the micro-level by increasing education and income levels, sports participation will be increased.
Keywords
1. Bastanfard, M. (2007). Link sports and architecture. The First National Conference on City and Sports, Persian Data. Articles published in the publications Civilica, Tehran University. 81-91. (Persian).
2. Breuer, C., & Wicker, P. (2010). Sports development report 2009/ 2010. Analysis of the situation of sports clubs in Germany. Abbreviated version. Cologne: Sportverlag Strau. ISBN 978-3-86884-583-9.
3. Bridget, K., Lesley, K., Adrian, E., Louise, A., & Baur, R. (2014). Identifying important and feasible policies and actions for health at community sports clubs: A consensus-generating approach. Journal of Sport Management Review, 17(1): 61–6.
4. Cleland, V., Ball, K., Hume, C., Timperio, A., Abby, C., King, A., & Crawford, D. (2009). Individual, social and environmental correlates of physical activity among women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Journal of Social Science & Medicine, 70(1): 2011-8.
5. Duncan, M., Mummery, W., Steele, K., Caperchione, C., & Schofield, G. (2009). Geographic location, physical activity and perceptions of the environment in Queensland adults. Journal of Health & Place, 15(1): 204–9.
6. Emami, A., Khoshbakhti, J., & Kashtidar, M. (2013). Evaluating the Quality of Sportive- Recreative Places of Parks in Golestan Province according to GAPS Model. Journal of Sport Management Studies, 18(1): 51-66. (Persian).
7. Eslami, A., Mahmoodi, A., Khabiri, M., & Najafian Razavi, S. (2013). The Role of socioeconomical Status in Motivating Citizenship to Participate in Sportive-Social Sports. Journal of Applied Research in Sport Management, 2(7): 89- 104. (Persian).
8. Ghodratnama, A., Heydari Nejad, S., & Davoodi, A. (2013). The Relation between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Activity Level of Chamran University of Ahvaz Students. Journal of Sport Management, 16(1): 5-20. (Persian).
9. Giles, B., & Donovan, R. (2002). The relative influence of individual, social, and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Journal of Social Science and Medicine, 54(12): 1793-812.
10. Hallmann, K., Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & Schuttoff, U. (2011). Interdependency of sport supply and sport demand in German metropolitan and medium-sized municipalities findings from multi-level analyses. Journal for Sport and Society, 8(2): 65–84.
11. Humphreys, B., & Ruseski, J. (2010). The economic choice of participation and time spent in physical activity and sport in Canada. Journal of economics university ualberta, 14(8): 112- 36.
12. Inoue, S., Murase, N., Shimomitsu, T., Ohya, Y., Odagiri, Y., Takamiya, T., Ishii, K., & Katsumura, T. (2009). Association of physical activity and neighborhood environment among Japanese adults. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(4): 321-5.
13. Javadi Pour, M., & Sohrabi, P. (2013). Ranking Standards for Making Sport Places Appropriate Using CSM in order to Present a Solution. Journal of Sport Management Studies. 19(1): 50-129. (Persian).
14. John, S., & Andrew, Z. (2000). The economics of sports facilities and their communities. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3): 95-114.
15. Kamarudin, K., & Fauzee, M. (2007). Attitudes toward physical activities among college students Pakistan. Journal of Psychological Research, 22(1): 43-54.
16. Kanters, M., Jason, N., Michael, B., Jonathan, M., & Myron, F. (2013). School sport participation under two school sport policies: Comparisons by race/ ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status school sport. Journal of Ann, Behav, Med, 45(1): 113-21.
17. Lim, S., Warner, Y., Dixon, S., Berg, M., & Kim, B. (2011). Sport participation across national contexts: A multilevel investigation of individual and systemic influences on adult sport participation. Journal of European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(3): 197–224.
18. Limoochi, S., (2007). The City and Sports of Veterans and Disabled People. The 1st Conference of City and Sports. Articles published in the publications Civilica University of Tehran. 121-8. (Persian).
19. McCormack, G., Giles, B., Lange, A., Smith, T., Martin, K., & Pikora, T. (2004). An update of recent evidence of the relationship between objective and self-report measures of the physical environment and physical activity behaviours. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(1): 81-92.
20. Oh, k., & Jeong, S. (2007). Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using gis. Department of Urban Planning, Hanyang University; Seoul. 17 Haengdang-Dang, Seongdong-Gu.1(4):133-151. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18949278.
21. Otag, L., & Brown, L. (2003). Risk management models in netball. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 6(3): 216-25.
22. Pamela, W., Kirstin, H., & Christoph, B. (2012). Micro and macro level determinants of sport Participation. Journal Sport, Business and Management, 2(1): 51–68.
23. Pamela, W., Kirstin, H., & Christoph, B. (2013). Analyzing the impact of sport infrastructure on sport participation using geo-coded data, evidence from multi-level models neighbourhoods. Journal of Sport Management Review, 16(1): 54–7.
24. Pawlowski, T., Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2011). Subjective well-being in European countries on the age-specific impact of physical activity. Journal of Eur Rev Ageing Phys Act, 8(1): 93-102.
25. Popkin, M., Kiyah, D., Penny, G., & Larsen, M. (2005). Environmental influences on food choice, physical activity and energy balance. Journal of Physiology & Behavior, 86(5): 603–13.
26. Razavi, M., & Eshkooh Taheri, R. (2010). Surveying Socioeconomic Status (SES) of People Participating in Sport Activities for All of Mazandaran Province. Journal of Sport Management. 2(3): 21-34. (Persian).
27. Rezaee, Z., Bahmani, F., Kargar, Gh., & Shahlaee, J. (2011). Specifying Factors (Physical and Customer-oriented) Related to the Efficiency of Golestan Province’s Sport Places. The 1st National Conference on New Scientific Achievements in Development of Sports and Physical Education. Articles published in the publications Civilica, Islamic Azad University of Gorgan. 150-62. (Persian).
28. Ruseski, J., Humphreys, B., Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2011). Family structure, time constraints, and sport participation. Journal of European Review Ageing and Physical Activity, 8(2): 57-66.
29. Sohrabi, P., Kashef, M., Javadi Pour, M., Hoseini, F. (2011). Surveying Access, Proximity and Construction Status of Sport Places and Environments in Urmia Province According to the Standards. Journal of Research in Sport Sciences.14(1): 51-66. (Persian).
30. Taghvaee, A., & Tajdar, R. (2009). An Introduction to Good and Proper Urban Governance Using an Analytical Approach. Urban Governance Quarterly. 23(1): 45-58. (Persian).
31. Taks, M., Renson, R., & Vanreusel, B. (1994). Of sport, time and money: An economic approach to sport participation. Journal of International Sociology of Sport, 29(1): 381–95.
32. Thomson, C. (2008). Association between characteristics of neighborhood open space and older peoples walking. Journal of Urban Forestry, 7(1): 41-51.
33. Vandendriessche, J., Barbara, F., & Vandorpe, V. (2012). Variation in sport participation, fitness and motor coordination with socioeconomic status among flemish children. Journal of Pediatric Exercise Science, 24(1): 113-28.
34. Verhagen, E., & Van, M. (2010). Behaviour, the key factor for sports injury prevention. Journal of Sports Med, 40(11): 899-906.
35. Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & Pawlowski, T. (2010). Are sports club members’ big spenders? Findings from sport specific analyses in Germany. Journal of Sport Management Review, 13(3): 214–24.
)