Slippery Benches: Examining Factors Affecting Successive Head Coaches Changes in the Iranian Premier Football League at Both Micro and Macro Levels

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing head coach turnover in the Iranian Premier Football League, with a focus on both micro- and macro-level determinants. The research design was descriptive-survey, field-based, and applied in nature. The statistical population included a range of sports professionals such as managers, coaches, professional players, referees, medical teams, and sports media representatives. A non-random, convenience sampling method was used. Based on Barclay et al. (1996), the minimum required sample size was calculated by multiplying the highest number of questionnaire items in a single dimension (media) by ten, resulting in at least 60 participants. Ultimately, 203 questionnaires were completed. A researcher-developed questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale was employed. To assess face and content validity, feedback was obtained from four faculty members, four PhD students, and four experienced coaches and players. The final version included 38 items across 9 dimensions. Reliability was confirmed through a pilot test with 30 participants using Cronbach’s alpha (α > 0.70). The findings revealed that among the micro-level factors, player agents (intermediaries) had the highest influence, while at the macro level, political pressures were the most influential. Additionally, sports managers and agents were perceived as key drivers of coaching instability. Although agents cannot be entirely excluded from the ecosystem, their influence on player transfers, contract negotiations, and coaching changes positions them as pivotal actors. By mobilizing fans, attracting sponsors, and enhancing team quality, they also contribute to club performance, continuity, and organizational resilience.