Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD student of Social Welfare
2 Associate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Razi University,
3 razi university
Abstract
The goal of human resource development, in all societies, is primarily to eliminate gender discrimination and ensure mental and physical health, and sport has always strived to provide a world free of deprivation and restriction. The purpose of this study is to identify the consequences of banning the presence of Iranian women in football stadiums and watching men competitions. In this qualitative-analytical study, 45 experts in the field of sports and women's health from the top universities in the country in 2020 were interviewed. The sampling method was theoretical and purposeful. Data analysis was performed by open and axial coding method. After coding the concepts, two concepts of positive consequences and negative consequences were identified. In the group of negative consequences, 24 concepts were identified in the form of 3 categories of psychological, social and cultural consequences and in the group of positive consequences, 4 concepts were identified in the form of categories of cultural consequences and its model drawn. The results of this study showed that this ban causes the most harm socially and psychologically, and the positive and negative cultural categories are less affected. Managers and officials are expected to take basic steps to ensure the mental health of women eager to watch football.
Keywords
- AbdulRazak, M., Omar-Fauzee, M., & Abd-Latif, R. (2010). The perspective of Arabic Muslim women toward sport participation. Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 1(2), 364-377.
- Bandy, S. (2014). Gender and sports studies: An historical perspective. Journal of Movement & Sport Sciences, 86, 15-27.
- Bartly, M. (2004). Health inequality, an introduction to theories, concepts and methods. New York: Polity Press.
- Campbell, O., Bann, D., & Patalay, P. (2021). The gender gap in sdolescent mental health: A cross-natinal investigation of 566829 adolescents across 73 countries. Journal of Population Health, 13, 100742.
- Cecilia, G., Lupu, E., Elena, S., Alin, L., & Georeta, N. (2015). Sports and health without religion and nationality barriers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2152-2156.
- Chawla, S., & Sharma, R. R. (2019). Enhancing women’s well-being: The role of psychological capital and perceived gender equity, with social support as a moderator and commitment as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1377.
- Fozooni, B. (2008). Iranian women and football. Journal of Cultural Studies, 22, 114-133.
- Gharakhanlu, R., & Nisian, F. (2007). Investigating the attitudes of different groups about the presence of female spectators in men's sports fields and competitions. Research in Sports Science, 17, 33-50. (in Persian).
- Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary, justifications for gender inequality. Journal of American Psychologist, 56, 109-118.
- Hargreaves, J. (2007). Sport, exercise, and the female Muslim body: Negotiating Islam, politics, and male power. In J. Hargreaves & P. Vertinsky (Eds.), Physical culture, power, and the body (pp. 74-100). London, UK: Routledge.
- Hasanzadeh, A. (2019). Iranian women, inside or outside of stadium: An anthropological study on female representation of national identity in Iran. Journal of Sociology of Social Institution, 5(12), 37-100.
- Hazel, K., & Kleyman, K. (2020). Gender and sex inequalities: Implications and resistance. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in Community, 48(4), 281-292.
- Heun, R., & Pringle, A. (2018). Football does not improve mental health: A systematic review on Football and mental health disorders. Global Psychiatry Journal, 1(1), 1-13.
- Kellie, D. J., Blake, K. R., & Brooks, R. C. (2019). What drives female objectification? An investigation of appearance-based interpersonal perceptions and the objectification of women. Plos One, 14(8), e0221388.
- Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Kucharska, J., Abu-Ras, W., & Bujold-Bugeaud, M. (2020). The dynamics underlying the negative mental health effects of gender discrimination in two samples: Poland and Egypt. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 39(1), 74–88.
- Marwat, M., Zia-ul-Islam, S., Waseem, M., Khattak, H., & BiBi, S. (2014). Sport performance of Muslim women and different constraints in their way to participation in sport. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(10), 209-214.
- Palmer, C. (2009). Soccer and politics of identity for young Muslim refugee women in south Australia. Soccer and Society, 10, 27-38.
- Radzi, W., & Abdullah, R. (2010). Through rose-tinted glasses: Muslim women sport managers in Malaysia. Asian Women, 26(3), 1-28.
- Sadeghi, S., Sajjadi, N., RAjabi, H., & Jalili, M. (2018). Social-cultural barriers of Muslim women athletes: Case study of professional female athletes in Iran. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 6-10.
- Shabani Bahar, Gh., & Maqbooli, S. (2013). The relationship between sports and maintaining the cultural identity of athlete students. Research in Academic Sports, 3, 77-92. (in Persian).
- Siefken, K., Junge, A., & Laemmle, L. (2019). How does sport affect mental health? An Investigation into the relationship of leisure-time physical activity with depression and anxiety. Journal of Human Movement, 20(1), 62-74.
- Toffoletti, K. (2014). Iranian women’s sports fandom: Gender, resistance, and identity in the football movie offside. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 38(1), 75-92.
- Vigod, S., & Rochon, P. (2020). The impact of gender discrimination on a woman’s mental health. EClinical Medicine Journal, 20, 1003-1011.
- Yaghoubi Hashjin, S. F., & Elahi, T. (2013). The effect of perceived gender discrimination on women's mental health. Social Studies in Women's Psychology, 11(3), 7-26. (in Persian).
- Zhang, J., & Hui, L. (2007). The effect of religion, superstition, and Perceived gender Inequality on the degree of suicide intent: A study of serious attempters in china. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 55, 185-197.