Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD in Sports Management, Department of Sports Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD in Sports Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Sports Management,, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

Identifying and intelligently influencing the drivers of women's physical-activity is one of the requirements of the country's sports-cultural directors. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to identify, categorize and survey the trend of changes in the most important drivers of Iranian-women for physical-activity at different stages of their lives. The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. Sampling was theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In-order-to achieve saturation while reviewing specialized texts, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian-women aged 7-78 who were regularly participate in physical-activity in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers. The findings indicate that there are four general categories of driving physical-activity for Iranian-women at different-stages-of-life, which are: promoters, personal-motivations, individual-characteristics, and health-challenges. Of course, each of these categories has many important subcategories and concepts. Importantly, the findings showed that although the drivers of Iranian-women's physical-activity are nominally similar at different stages of their lives, they are very different in terms of priority and intensity of impact. According to the findings, the effectiveness of women's physical-activity promoters in adolescence, youth and middle-age is far from the desired situation and the country's cultural-sports managers should seek to increase the impact of various promoters on the physical-activity of Iranian-women in these stages. Also, stimulating the identified personal-motivations in different-stages-of-life in those women of the society who do not have serious and continuous physical-activity is another necessary measure to develop the physical-activity of Iranian-women in different-stages of their lives.

Keywords

  1. Abdollahi D. (2013). Factors of girls' reluctance to participate in school physical activities (Case study: Girls' high schools in Ardabil province). Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 9(17), 27-46. (in Persian).
  2. Ahmadi, V., Karimi, J., & Mohammadi, P. (2020). The study of leisure time among girls in terms of economic, social and cultural capitals (unmarried girls in Guilan Gharb city). Sociology of Culture and Art, 2(2), 59-80. (in Persian).
  3. Allender, S., Cowburn, G., & Foster, Ch. (2006). Understanding participation in sport and physical activity among children and adults: A review of qualitative studies. Health Education Research, 21(6), 826-835.
  4. Asefi, A., & Ghanbar Poor Nosrati, A. (2018). The effective factors model in institutionalization of sport for all in Iran. Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior journal, 8(16), 29-46. (in Persian).
  5. Bahadorikhosroshahi, J., & Bargi, I. (2018). The role of media literacy for parents and social identity with media consumption students. New Media Studies, 4(14), 290-316. (in Persian).
  6. Bai, N., & Esfehani Nia, A. (2019). Modeling effect of parents’ social support, perceived competence and school climate on pleasure from participation in physical activity of female students. Research on Educational Sport, 7(16), 307-326. (in Persian).
  7. Bakhshi, B., Nasiri, B., Bakhtiari, A., & Taheriyan, M. (2013). The role and function of social networks: A case study of the Café-Mom social network (A network for mothers and children). Women Studies, 4(8), 37-59. (in Persian).
  8. Ball, J., Bice, M., & Parry, Th. (2014). Adults' motivation for physical activity: Differentiating motives for exercise, sport, and recreation. Recreational Sports Journal, (38), 130-142.
  9. Cooky, Ch., Begovic, M., Sabo, D., Oglesby, C., & Snyder, M. (2016). Gender and sport participation in Montengro. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(8), 917-939.
  10. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2011). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd). (E. Afshar, Trans). Tehran: Ney. (in Persian).
  11. Crumbley, C. A., Ledoux, T. A., & Johnston, C. A. (2020). Physical activity during early childhood: The importance of parental modeling. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 14(1), 32-35.
  12. Foorotan, Y. (2020). Gender stereotypes in Iran based on the socio-demographic approach. Journal of Applied Sociology, 31(3), 97-120. (in Persian).
  13. Ghanee, F., & Ghasemi, V. (2017). Investigating the phenomenon of obesity stigma among 15–44-year-old women in Yazd. Journal of Applied Sociology, 28(3), 41-60. (in Persian).
  14. Gholizadeh, A., & Seyyed Salehi, S. (2015). Studying the role of sport channel programs in the promotion of sport culture among the housewives as the members of 5th district of Tehran Capital. Journal of Cultural Management, 9(28), 23-49. (in Persian).
  15. Ghorbani, A., & Jomenia, S. (2018). The role of social factors (Family, school, peer group) in socialization of students in Golestan province. Journal of Applied Sociology, 29(2), 113-128. (in Persian).
  16. Gothe, N., & Kendall, B. (2016). Barriers, motivations, and preferences for physical activity among female African American older adults. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, (2), 1-8.
  17. Hamidi, M., Rajabi, H., Alidoust Ghahfarokhi, E., & Zeini Zadeh, M. (2018). Designing strategic plan for student sport federation of Iran. Research on Educational Sport, 6(14), 67-92. (in Persian).
  18. Hosseini, E., & Farzan, F. (2018). An examination of the role of social support in women’s sport commitment to sports. Journal of Sport Management, 10(1), 137-148. (in Persian).
  19. Hosseini, E., Farzan, F., & Hosseini Nia, S. (2019). Identification of factors influencing Iranian (Above the age of 18) Women’s drop out of sport activities with a qualitative approach. Journal of Sport Management, 11(4), 739-759. (in Persian).
  20. Jafari Haftkhani, N., Rezania, S., & Saffari, M. (2020). Women's leisure in metropolitan areas: Explaining the leisure issues of married women in Tehran. Urban Sociological Studies, 10(34), 123-150. (in Persian).
  21. Kaim, D. (2015). Barriers to women's participation in sport and active recreation. International Journal of Physical Education. Sports and Health. 2(1), 96-98.
  22. Khatibi, A., & Gholi Poor, M. (2019). Identification factors affecting the market demand of women's Taekwondo Clubs. Sport Management Studies, 11(54), 153-170. (in Persian).
  23. Kholousi, P., Tojari, F., & Esmaeili Shazandi, M. (2018). Determining motives and motivation factors among iranian elders of male and female to participate in physical activities. Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports, 17(40), 27-42. (in Persian).
  24. Kumari, N. (2017). A study on barriers to women and girls' participation in sports: A case study of Haryana. International Journal of Arts. Humanities and Management Studies, 3(7), 64-75.
  25. Laar, R., Zhang, J., Yu, T., Qi, H., & Ashraf, M. (2019). Constrants to women's participation in sports: A study of participation of Pakistani female students in physical activities. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3(11), 385-397.
  26. Loprinzi, P. D., Cardinal, B. J., Loprinzi, K. L., & Lee, H. (2012). Benefits and environmental determinants of physical activity in children and adolescents. The European Journal of Obesity, (5), 597-610.
  27. Lubans, D. R., Okely, A. D., Morgan, P. J., Cotton, W., Puglisi, L., & Miller, J. (2012). Description and evaluation of a social cognitive model of physical activity behavior tailored for adolescent girls. Health Education Research, 27(1), 115-128.
  28. Malakoti, S. E. (2018). The role of the mother in the education of the child. Islamic Knowledge and Educational Sciences, 4(8), 25-40. (in Persian).
  29. Manochehri, M., Hemati Nezhad, M., Rahmati, M., & Sharifiyan, E. (2018). Identification and Analysis effective factors of institutionalize sport culture in children and adolescence in view of physical education teachers. Journal of Sport Management, 10(1), 163-179. (in Persian).
  30. Mortezaee, L., Nazemi, M., & Andam, R. (2015). A comparison of motivations for women’s participation in recreational water sports (Case study: Women of Khorasan Razavi province). New Trends in Sport Management, 2(7), 63-73. (in Persian).
  31. Naderi, S., Bahrami, S., & Esmaeeli, M. (2020). Presentation the model of strategies for improving the effectiveness of sports teaching methods in primary schools in Iran with a grounded theory approach. Research on Educational Sport, 8(20), 159-178. (in Persian).
  32. Nazemian, S. (2019). The role of peers in the identity and identification process of primary school children from student-teachers’ viewpoint. Research in Elementary Education, 1(1), 32-38. (in Persian).
  33. Norozi, A., Maleki, A., Parsamehr, M., & Ghasemi, H. (2018). Investigating the effect of body image and body management on women's sports participation in Ilam province. Journal of Applied Sociology, 29(4), 99-122. (in Persian).
  34. Nourbakhsh, M., Farokhi, A., Khakpour, S., & Farahani, H. (2010). The comparison of participation motives of male and female older adults for sport activities in Tehran. Journal of Motor Learning and Movement, 2(2), 49-69. (in Persian).
  35. Qaderzadeh, O., & Hosseini, S. (2015). Women’s sports and its meaningful implications. Women in Development & Politics, 13(3), 309-334. (in Persian).
  36. Saffari, M., & Moradi, E. (2021). Examining the moderator role of gender in the relationships between motivations and enduring involvement of tourists in adventure sports activities. Sport Management Studies, 13(65), 1-17 (in Persian).
  37. Seddighi, S., Zokaei, M. (2015). Femininity and sport. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 13(2), 67-92. (in Persian).
  38. Shafiei, S. S. (2015). Sociological reflection on research findings of women’s leisure. Socio-Cultural Strategy, 4(2), 271-307. (in Persian).
  39. Solimanian, A., Niknami, Sh., Hajizadeh, I., Shojaeezadeh, D., & Tavousi, M. (2014). Predictors of physical activity to prevent osteoporosis based on extended Health Belief Model. Payesh, 13(3), 313-320. (in Persian).
  40. Van Acker, R., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Martelaer, K. D., Seghers, J., Kirk, D., Haerens, L., ..., & Cardon, G. (2011). A framework for physical activity programs within school-community partnerships. Quest, 63(3), 300-320.
  41. Wong, J., Son, J., West, S., Naar, J., & Liechty, T. (2019). A life course examination of women team sport participation in late adulthood. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 27(1), 73-82.
  42. Yan, Z., & Cardinal, B. (2012). Perception of physical activity participation of Chinese female graduate students: a case study. Journal of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84(3), 384-396.
  43. Young, D. R., Steckler, A., Cohen, S., Pratt, C., Felton, G., Moe, S. G., …, & Raburn, B. (2008). Process evaluation results from a school- and community-linked intervention: the trial of activity for adolescent girls (TAAG). Health Education Research, 23(6), 976-986.
  44. Yousefi, B., Asadzadeh, E., & Azadi, R. (2017). The relationship between psychosocial and environmental factors related to physical activity in Urmia girl high-schools. Applied Research in Sport Management, 6(2), 47-56. (in Persian).