پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری) مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی 2538-3213 18 96 2026 05 22 Recognition and analysis the political legitimacy of sport شناخت و واکاوی مشروعیت سیاسی ورزش 17 48 4925 10.22089/smrj.2026.17929.4151 FA مریم بشارتی مقدم گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران. 0000-0002-3289-848X رحیم رمضانی نژاد گروه مدیریت ورزش. دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی. دانشگاه گیلان. رشت. ایران. محمد مهدی رحمتی گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران. 0000-0002-3289-848X Journal Article 2025 05 23 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose Legitimacy refers to the appropriateness of an institution or social system in terms of laws, values, norms, and definitions (Deephouse et al., 2017, p. 28), and is intrinsically linked to power. The concept of political legitimacy is often analyzed as an executive struggle to discover truth; this political power involves the effort to persuade the public that material goals are rationally justified and that those allocating resources are morally suitable to do so. Sport embodies notions of pride, community, and social categories, and the slogan "Sport for All" serves as an active instrument through which politicians and state actors sanctify and legitimize their actions. In turn, sport can benefit from this mutual interest. Overall, sport is increasingly viewed as a domain of public policy (Skille et al., 2022, p. 112), playing a significant role in reinforcing social bonds and formal relationships—an act of legitimization in itself (Al-Khalifa & Farlow, 2021, p. 250). However, to date, there has been no comprehensive study that examines the overall functions of sport in the process of political legitimization. Accordingly, the present research aims to explore and analyze the role of sport in the political legitimacy of governments. The central question of this study is: What are the functions of sport in contributing to the political legitimacy of governments? Methods Thematic analysis is a method that focuses on identifying meaning within a data set, and its goal is to determine the approach, understand and interpret hidden concepts, and extract, understand, and infer meaning from the data (Maguire and Delahant, 2017, p. 3353). Accordingly, the research data set using this method was derived from searching for the terms politics and sports, political legitimacy of sports, political functions of sports, role of sports in politics, sports and governance, and sports and policymaking through reliable scientific sources and databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis Online, Sage Journals, and Emerald. Furthermore, in order to confirm the research findings and ensure their transferability, the research results and findings were provided to five experts in this field, and internal validity (acceptability) as well as external validity (the ability to transfer findings to other contexts) were approved by these experts. To ensure consistency or reliability and to be able to confirm or prove the quality of the research, the data analysis method was provided to two reviewers specializing in this field and was subsequently approved. Results Based on the understanding and interpretation of hidden concepts, as well as the comprehension and inference of meaning from the data of the present study, 121 primary concepts or codes, 26 sub-themes, and 10 main themes, along with the legitimizing functions of sports in the political sector, were extracted. According to the research findings, the functions of sports in the political legitimization of governments include soft power, identity and nationalism, social guidance and control, strengthening government and public policy, sovereign function, urban governance and development, political discourse and media, equal opportunity, and peacebuilding. Each of these functions is discussed and examined in detail below. The findings indicate that sport serves not merely as a recreational or athletic endeavor but as a multifaceted instrument that governments can strategically deploy to reinforce their legitimacy across various domains of political and social life. Conclusion Sport maintains a reciprocal relationship with various social, political, and cultural forces, giving rise to the field of political sociology of sport. On one hand, political strategies and governmental financial support significantly influence the development of sport; on the other hand, sport impacts politics by reinforcing human values, fostering national solidarity, and encouraging political participation (Malekoutian, 2009). States utilize sport as a tool to legitimize political authority, promote public order, ensure human rights, and enhance national unity and collective identity (Kang & Houlihan, 2021; Fazeli, 2012). Additionally, sport functions as an element of soft power, shaping national identity, security, and international relations (Shen, 2020; Shahrezaei & Shirzadi, 2016). Thinkers such as Bourdieu and Durkheim have also emphasized the symbolic and ritualistic dimensions of sport, suggesting that, much like religion, sport fosters social cohesion, loyalty, and legitimacy within a society. However, sport also faces critical challenges. The persistent gap between professional and participatory sport in policymaking renders it vulnerable to being politically exploited (Green & Houlihan, 2005; Sam & Torrongla, 2018). While sport can evoke national pride and strengthen collective identity, it can simultaneously exacerbate ethnic, religious, or national tensions (Chalip, 2006; Dolan & Connolly, 2018). In this regard, sport is a double-edged sword: it has the capacity to unify, but it also holds the potential to divide. Therefore, leveraging sport as a means of political and national legitimization requires careful consideration of its dual potential and the implementation of well-balanced, thoughtfully designed policies that maximize its unifying benefits while minimizing the risks of division and exploitation. Article Message With its software capabilities, sports affect fundamental components of politics and international relations, including security, national interests, power and authority, economics, political acceptance, diplomacy, and soft power. Politicians and governments also use sports to maintain public order, establish justice and protect human rights, enhance the image and power of a society or nation, promote national unity, reproduce values consistent with the dominant political ideology, increase support and backing for political leaders and the government, and facilitate economic and social development. Therefore, the most important specific political function of sports is to control and direct public opinion, to present an efficient image of governments, and ultimately to create legitimacy, national solidarity, and nation-building. Ethical Considerations Throughout this research, adherence to ethical standards was rigorously maintained, including the accurate reporting of findings, proper attribution of sources, and avoidance of any form of data manipulation or misrepresentation. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study. Authors' Contributions Conceptualization: Maryam Besharati Moghadam, Rahim Ramezaninejad Data Collection: Maryam Besharati Moghadam Data Analysis: Maryam Besharati Moghadam Manuscript Writing: Maryam Besharati Moghadam Review and Editing: Rahim Ramezaninejad, Mohamad Mahdi Rahmati Funding Responsibility: Maryam Besharati Moghadam Literature Review: Maryam Besharati Moghadam Project Management: Rahim Ramezaninejad, Maryam Besharati Moghadam, Mohamad Mahdi Rahmati Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank all the professors who added to the richness of this research with their careful observations and valuable comments throughout the various stages of this study. ورزش نقش مهمی در تقویت پیوندهای سیاسی-اجتماعی و مشروعیت بخشی حکومت ها دارد که به واسطه آن، حکومت ها و سیاسیون، اعمال خود را به شکلی مقدس، مشروع می کنند. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناخت و واکاوی جایگاه ورزش در مشروعیت سیاسی حکومت ها انجام گرفت. روش پژوهش بر مبنای رویکرد کیفی و با بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیل مضمون بود. داده‌های پژوهش، از کلیه مقالات علمی- پژوهشی، رساله و پایان‌نامه‌های حوزه سیاست و ورزش به دست آمد. جهت تأیید و میزان انتقال‌پذیری پژوهش، نتایج و یافته‌ها در اختیار پنج تن از اساتید حوزه سیاست و ورزش قرار گرفت و روایی درونی و بیرونی آن تائید گردید. برای قابلیت سازگاری یا اطمینان از کیفیت پژوهش، روش تجزیه تحلیل داده‌ها در اختیار دو داور حوزه تخصصی قرار گرفته و تائید شد. یافته ها نشان داد 121 کد اولیه، 26 تم فرعی و 10 تم اصلی قدرت نرم، هویت و ملی‌گرایی، هدایت و کنترل اجتماعی، تقویت حکومت و سیاست عمومی، کارکرد حاکمیتی، حکمرانی شهری، توسعه، گفتمان سیاسی و رسانه، فرصت برابر و ساخت صلح در قالب مشروعیت سیاسی حکومت‌ها محوربندی می‌شوند. در نتیجه، ورزش به‌مثابه نهادی اجتماعی-سیاسی، از طریق کارکردهای چندگانه‌ای همچون تقویت هویت ملی، اعمال کنترل اجتماعی، توسعه دیپلماسی عمومی و افزایش سرمایه نمادین، به ابزاری مؤثر برای مشروعیت‌بخشی حکومت‌ها تبدیل شده است. این نهاد هم در عرصه داخلی با ایجاد وفاق و انسجام اجتماعی، و هم در صحنه بین‌المللی از طریق نمایش کارآمدی حکمرانی، به تحکیم پایه‌های مشروعیت سیاسی را یاری می‌رساند

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4925_eaae5e04a259d09af85c108fe4d7dd0c.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری) مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی 2538-3213 18 96 2026 05 22 Proposing a Conceptual Model of Sports Coaches' Competencies: A Meta-Synthesis Approach ارائه الگوی مفهومی شایستگی های مربیان ورزشی: رویکرد فراترکیب 49 73 4924 10.22089/smrj.2026.18243.4172 FA شهلا گری گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران 0009-0004-0992-1057 رضا اندام گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران 0000-0002-4049-9737 Journal Article 2025 07 07 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose Coaching in sport involves more than technical expertise; it requires managing interpersonal relationships, psychological dynamics, and organizational responsibilities. Coaches play a vital role in enhancing athletes' physical and mental development, guiding performance, and fostering ethical and motivational environments. Their influence extends beyond individual athletes to shaping team cohesion and sports culture. As sports increasingly demand professionalism and adaptability, understanding the key competencies of effective coaching has become essential. Identifying and classifying these core capabilities enables the development of targeted education programs, evidence-based evaluation tools, and competency-driven recruitment systems. This study responds to this need by exploring and organizing coaching competencies through a systematic meta-synthesis of qualitative research. It aims to establish a conceptual model that supports both the theoretical development and practical implementation of coaching standards within evolving sports contexts, thereby addressing a critical gap in the existing literature where fragmented and inconsistent frameworks have previously prevailed. Methods This study employed a qualitative meta-synthesis approach to systematically identify, integrate, and interpret findings from previous research on coaching competencies. Meta-synthesis, as a rigorous interpretive technique, enables the development of a conceptual framework by uncovering underlying themes across multiple qualitative studies. To ensure methodological consistency and analytical validity, the seven-step framework proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso was adopted. These steps include: formulating research questions, selecting relevant studies, appraising study quality, extracting data, analyzing and synthesizing results, and presenting an integrated conceptual model at the conclusion of the process. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major academic databases including Taylor & Francis, Science Direct, Springer, Emerald, Wiley, Sage, and the first ten pages of Google Scholar, using a set of predefined keywords and inclusion criteria to capture the full breadth of available evidence. This initial search process identified 1,851 relevant studies for potential inclusion. Duplicates were then removed, and abstracts were screened for relevance to the research aim and the specific focus on coaching competencies. The methodological rigor of the remaining studies was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist to assess clarity, credibility, and relevance of each study. Based on this quality assessment, 19 studies met the established inclusion thresholds and were selected for final analysis. The selected studies were then subjected to qualitative coding, guided by thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and core conceptual categories related to coaching competencies. Through iterative comparison and synthesis of extracted themes, a conceptual framework was developed that represents the multidimensional nature of coaching expertise. This methodological process ensured the reliability and theoretical depth of the findings, positioning the resulting model as a robust foundation for future research and practice in the field of sports coaching. Results and Discussion The meta-synthesis yielded a comprehensive conceptual framework encompassing several key domains of coaching competence. Among the most prominent themes identified are: (1) Professional Knowledge, involving foundational sport theories, tactical understanding, and content expertise; (2) Professional Skills, such as instructional delivery, demonstration ability, and training design; (3) Management and Leadership skills, including organizational management, strategic decision-making, and team administration; (4) Interpersonal Knowledge and Skills, related to building effective athlete-coach relationships, communication, and fostering team cohesion; (5) Intrapersonal Knowledge and Skills, covering self-reflection, emotional regulation, resilience, and personal growth; (6) Professional Attitude, reflecting adherence to integrity, fairness, athlete welfare, and ethical conduct; and (7) Motivational skills, emphasizing the ability to inspire, guide, and sustain athlete engagement over time. Together, these domains form a coherent and multidimensional model that reflects the evolving demands placed upon modern sports coaches in contemporary athletic environments. Rather than viewing coaching as a static skill set, the findings illustrate coaching competence as an ongoing developmental process that is dynamically shaped by interpersonal, cognitive, and contextual factors operating at multiple levels. This conceptual framework enables the design of systematic educational programs that target domain-specific growth, and it also serves as a basis for developing reliable assessment tools and selection criteria in coach recruitment processes. Moreover, the integration of psychological and ethical dimensions within the model emphasizes the growing expectation for coaches to act not only as technical instructors but also as moral leaders and psychological facilitators who prioritize athlete well-being. This reflects broader shifts occurring in the field of sport education, where the coach's role increasingly intersects with athlete welfare, social responsibility, and long-term developmental goals. By standardizing these competency domains, the study contributes to building a structured foundation for professional development and coaching excellence, aligning coaching practices with best standards in contemporary sport environments. Conclusion This study offers a theoretically grounded and empirically informed conceptual model of coaching competencies tailored to the evolving needs of the sports domain. The integration of competencies such as psychological insight, emotional intelligence, ethical reasoning, and motivational capacity reflects the expanding responsibilities of coaches as facilitators of both performance enhancement and personal development. The proposed framework not only captures the multidimensional nature of effective coaching but also addresses the growing demand for professionalism and adaptability in diverse athletic contexts. By articulating a structured taxonomy of core competencies, this model provides a practical foundation for designing competency-based educational programs, performance evaluation systems, and coach recruitment policies. It further contributes to bridging the gap between research and practice by offering clear guidelines for the systematic development of coaching standards that can be implemented across different sports and levels of competition. Ultimately, the findings support a more holistic and evidence-driven approach to coach development, fostering sustained excellence and ethical leadership in the field of sport while ensuring that coaching practices remain responsive to the complex demands of modern athletic environments. Article Message This research presents a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies to develop a conceptual framework for coaching competencies in sports. By analyzing high-quality evidence, it identifies core domains such as psychological insight, ethical conduct, interpersonal skills, and motivational strategies. The study contributes to coach education by offering a structured, evidence-based model aligned with contemporary sports demands. The framework can support competency-based recruitment, training programs, and performance evaluation systems. Emphasizing the multidimensional role of coaches, the findings provide a foundation for future research and policy development in the professionalization of sports coaching across all levels. Ethical Considerations As this study employed a meta-synthesis approach using published data, obtaining ethical approval and informed consent from participants was not required. Nevertheless, all stages of the research were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles accepted for qualitative studies, including accurate reporting, proper attribution of sources, and avoidance of data manipulation. Authors' Contributions All authors contributed equally to the literature search, study selection, qualitative data analysis, theme extraction, manuscript writing, and final revision of this work. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We would like to sincerely thank all the individuals who contributed their insights and support to this research, as well as the authors of the original studies that formed the foundation of this meta-synthesis. مربیان ورزشی به‌عنوان عاملان کلیدی در فرآیند تربیت‌بدنی، نقشی چندبعدی در رشد فنی، شناختی، روانی و اجتماعی ورزشکاران ایفا می‌کنند. پیچیدگی این نقش، نیازمند برخورداری از مجموعه‌ای از شایستگی‌های متنوع و درهم‌تنیده است که ایفای مؤثر نقش مربی را در شرایط پویای ورزش امروز ممکن می‌سازد. ازاین‌رو، شناسایی و تبیین جامع این شایستگی‌ها، برای ارتقای سطح آموزشی و حرفه‌ای مربیان، ضرورتی انکارناپذیر تلقی می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر باهدف تدوین الگویی مفهومی از شایستگی‌های مربیان ورزشی و با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد کیفی فراترکیب انجام‌شده است. در این راستا، مطالعات مرتبط در پایگاه‌های علمی معتبر بازیابی و پس از ارزیابی کیفیت، با روش تحلیل مضمون مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج این تحلیل نشان داد که شایستگی‌های مربیان را می‌توان در هفت مؤلفه‌ی اصلی طبقه‌بندی کرد: دانش حرفه‌ای، مهارت‌های حرفه‌ای، مهارت‌های مدیریتی و رهبری، دانش و مهارت‌های بین فردی، دانش و مهارت‌های درون فردی، نگرش حرفه‌ای و مهارت‌های انگیزشی. این مؤلفه‌ها در قالب الگویی مفهومی، به شکلی نظام‌مند تبیین شده‌اند. مدل پیشنهادی می‌تواند مبنایی معتبر برای طراحی برنامه‌های آموزشی مربیان، ارزیابی عملکرد حرفه‌ای آنان و تدوین سیاست‌های اثربخش در حوزه تربیت‌بدنی و توسعه منابع انسانی ورزشی فراهم آورد.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4924_427e3427c5f38a41bb9cb26525b22fba.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری) مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی 2538-3213 18 96 2026 05 22 A Comprehensive Model for Enhancing Customer Experience in Sports Clubs in Isfahan City: A Delphi Study ارائه مدل جامع برای بهبود تجربه مشتری در باشگاه‌های ورزشی شهر اصفهان بر اساس مطالعه دلفی 74 99 4895 10.22089/smrj.2025.17687.4122 FA فریبا امینیان گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران. داود نصر اصفهانی گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران. 0009-0004-3312-8542 Journal Article 2025 02 17 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose Customer experience in sports clubs plays a critical role in determining the success and longevity of these institutions. As the sports industry becomes increasingly competitive, sports clubs must not only focus on providing quality equipment and sports services but also on crafting a holistic and personalized experience for their customers. The significance of customer experience is particularly high in sports clubs, where the satisfaction of individuals is deeply intertwined with both their physical and emotional engagement with the environment. This study investigates the key factors influencing customer experience in sports clubs in Isfahan, Iran, and aims to develop a comprehensive model based on the Delphi method. This model is intended to assist managers in improving various aspects of the customer experience, including service quality, customer interaction, environmental design, and technology integration. In the context of Isfahan, where the sports industry is rapidly developing, the study aims to address challenges related to service delivery, customer satisfaction, and long-term customer retention in local sports clubs. By providing a clear framework for improving customer experiences, this research aims to support the transformation of sports clubs into more customer-oriented and competitive organizations that can thrive in an increasingly crowded marketplace. Methods The research employed a modified Delphi method, which is a well-established technique for obtaining expert consensus on complex issues through multiple rounds of surveys and structured feedback. The process involved three rounds of surveys with a panel of 20 experts who were selected based on their expertise in sports management, customer service, and related fields within the sports industry in Isfahan. These experts had an average of 15 years of professional experience and were drawn from diverse backgrounds including sports club management, academic research, and customer service operations. In the first round, the experts were asked to identify and list the key factors influencing customer experience in sports clubs, focusing on elements such as service quality, staff interactions, physical environment, and technological integration. Based on their responses, the research team developed an initial conceptual model, which categorized the identified factors into various thematic groups. In the second round, the experts were asked to rate the importance of each factor using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (least important) to 5 (most important), and to provide additional qualitative feedback for further refinement of the model. The results of the second round led to the refinement and organization of the factors into more specific sub-factors that captured the nuances of customer experience. In the final round, the experts were asked to review the refined list of factors and sub-factors and provide their final assessments and ratings. The goal of this round was to achieve consensus on the key factors and their relative importance for practical application. The analysis was based on both the quantitative ratings provided by the experts as well as the qualitative feedback regarding the conceptual clarity and practical relevance of each factor. Statistical analysis, including the calculation of content validity indices (CVI) and consensus measures, was used to assess the validity and reliability of the factors identified. In total, three rounds of surveys were conducted over a six-month period, with each round followed by systematic feedback collection and iterative refinement of the model based on expert input. Results The Delphi process resulted in the identification of 13 main factors and 77 sub-factors that influence the customer experience in sports clubs in Isfahan. These factors were categorized into various domains: advertising, human factors, social factors, customer support, environmental factors, service delivery processes, customer characteristics, past experiences, physical factors, marketing strategies, service characteristics, brand influence, and perceived quality. The results showed that advertising, human factors, and customer support emerged as the most important factors influencing customer experience overall. In particular, advertising quality, including the alignment of advertisements with actual service delivery and the strategic use of social media platforms, was found to be crucial in attracting new customers and building trust among existing ones. The human factor, which includes staff skills, professionalism, ethical behavior, and interpersonal interactions, was another significant contributor to positive customer experience. These interactions fostered customer trust and created long-lasting relationships, which were pivotal for securing customer loyalty and repeat business. Additionally, customer support emerged as a critical factor for enhancing customer satisfaction. This includes responsive customer service, the availability of both in-person and online support channels, proactive customer feedback mechanisms, and consistently respecting customers' rights. These elements collectively contribute to building a positive image of the sports club and enhancing the overall service experience from the customer's perspective. The environmental factors also played an important role in shaping customer experience. The availability of modern facilities, cleanliness, design aesthetics, and convenient accessibility were all identified as essential aspects of the physical environment that contribute to customer satisfaction and comfort. Similarly, social factors, including the interactions between customers and staff, customer-to-customer interactions, and community-building efforts facilitated through sports clubs, were found to significantly influence customer perception and loyalty. Other significant findings included the impact of physical factors, such as the quality of gym equipment, appropriate lighting, and the incorporation of modern technological applications in clubs, all of which enhance the user experience both physically and visually. The quality of services, considered both in terms of functional outcomes and emotional experience, was also identified as a key determinant in shaping customer satisfaction and subsequent loyalty. Furthermore, past experiences, perceived brand reputation, and customer perception of overall quality were recognized as contributing factors to the likelihood of repeat visits and the probability of customers recommending the club to others. Conclusion The findings of this study align with prior research on customer experience management in the sports sector, particularly regarding the importance of human factors, advertising, and customer support in shaping customer satisfaction and loyalty. The study emphasizes that sports clubs must focus on enhancing both the physical and emotional aspects of customer interaction in order to create a truly holistic experience. The identified factors are consistent with those found in similar studies, such as the work by Abdulmaki (2020), who highlighted the importance of advertising and human interactions in creating a positive experience. Similarly, the importance of customer support and social factors aligns with the findings of Godmaradpour et al. (2020), who emphasized the role of effective service delivery in fostering long-term customer loyalty. The integrated model proposed in this study offers a comprehensive approach to improving customer experience, enabling managers to address key areas of improvement systematically and strategically. By considering both tangible factors such as facilities and equipment, as well as intangible elements like staff interaction and customer engagement, this research contributes to developing a robust customer experience framework that can be applied not only in Isfahan's sports clubs but also potentially extended to other cities and similar contexts. The model provides practical guidance for managers seeking to differentiate their services and build sustainable competitive advantage through superior customer experience. Article Message Given the increasing importance of experiential marketing in today's competitive market, this study examined the key factors affecting customer experience in sports clubs in Isfahan using the Delphi method and the opinions of 20 sports and marketing industry experts. Thirteen main factors and 77 sub-factors were identified, emphasizing the importance of advertising, human factors, and customer support services. The results show that employee professionalism, providing favorable service, appropriate responsiveness, and improved communication can significantly increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, the quality of the club atmosphere and social interactions also play a vital role in shaping the overall experience. Ultimately, the presented model provides a comprehensive framework for managers to improve service quality, create unique experiences, and focus on sensory and aesthetic components, strengthen customer relationships, differentiate their business, and promote sustainable competitiveness in Isfahan's growing sports industry. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, under the ethical code IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1403.174. All ethical principles, including the protection of participants' privacy and obtaining informed consent, were strictly observed throughout the research process. Authors' Contributions Conceptualization: Davood Nasr Esfahani Data Collection: Fariba Aminian Jazi, Davood Nasr Esfahani Data Analysis: Davood Nasr Esfahani, Fariba Aminian Jazi Manuscript Writing: Fariba Aminian Jazi, Davood Nasr Esfahani Review and Editing: Davood Nasr Esfahani Literature Review: Fariba Aminian Jazi Project Manager: Davood Nasr Esfahani Conflict of Interest There is no conflict of interest to declare. Acknowledgments In this way, the authors acknowledge and express their sincere gratitude to the scientific and academic experts who collaborated by providing valuable insights in conducting this research. تجربه مشتری یکی از عوامل کلیدی در موفقیت باشگاه‌های ورزشی است که تأثیر مستقیم بر جذب و وفاداری مشتریان دارد. این پژوهش با هدف ارائه مدلی جامع برای بهبود تجربه مشتری در باشگاه‌های ورزشی شهر اصفهان انجام شد. در این تحقیق، از روش دلفی سه‌مرحله‌ای و نظرات 20 کارشناس با تجربه در مدیریت ورزشی و خدمات مشتری استفاده شد. فرایند جمع‌آوری داده‌ها به‌ صورت ساختاریافته و برخط انجام شد و شاخص‌های اعتبار محتوا برای اعتبارسنجی مدل نیز استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که تجربه مشتری در باشگاه‌های ورزشی تحت‌تأثیر 13 مؤلفه اصلی شامل تبلیغات، عوامل انسانی، عوامل اجتماعی، عوامل پشتیبانی، عوامل محیطی، فرایند ارائه خدمات، عوامل مشتری، تجربه گذشته، عوامل فیزیکی، راهبرد بازاریابی، ویژگی خدمات، عامل برند و کیفیت ادراکی قرار دارد. این مؤلفه‌ها در قالب 77 زیرمؤلفه بررسی شدند و درنهایت مدل جامعی برای ارتقای تجربه مشتری تدوین شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که تبلیغات هدفمند، تعامل حرفه‌ای کارکنان، ارائه خدمات پشتیبانی کارآمد و بهبود زیرساخت‌های محیطی و فیزیکی باشگاه از عوامل کلیدی بهبود رضایت و وفاداری مشتریان هستند. نتیجه‌گیری این تحقیق تأکید می‌کند که توجه به تمامی جنبه‌های تجربه مشتری به‌ صورت یکپارچه می‌تواند به ایجاد رضایت پایدار و تقویت جایگاه رقابتی باشگاه‌ها کمک کند. این مدل می‌تواند راهنمایی کاربردی برای مدیران باشگاه‌های ورزشی فراهم کند. محدودیت‌های تحقیق شامل تمرکز بر شهر اصفهان و استفاده از نظرات کارشناسان به‌جای داده‌های تجربی بود که در تحقیقات آتی پیشنهاد می‌شود این مدل در مناطق دیگر و با داده‌های متنوع‌تر بررسی شود.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4895_f0837f171aae7ccf1a8909b6a0cc3559.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری) مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی 2538-3213 18 96 2026 05 22 Analyzing the Mental Model of Experts Regarding Talent Development Factors in Iranian Youth Football تحلیل الگوی ذهنی خبرگان در خصوص عوامل استعدادپروری فوتبال پایه ایران 100 125 4926 10.22089/smrj.2026.17424.4094 FA مژگان قاسمی نیا گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران. علی بنسبردی گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران. 0000-0003-3144-5400 کیانوش شجیع گروه علوم ورزشی، موسسه آموزش عالی بینالود، مشهد، ایران. 0000-0001-5233-2160 Journal Article 2024 11 20 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose Scientific data and international experiences suggest that the development and promotion of football, as well as the attainment of prestigious global standings, are greatly facilitated through scientific training and managerial support for youth football, alongside the establishment of youth football academies by clubs (Bahadori, 2023). The nurturing of talent is identified as a critical action that can significantly enhance the level of professional football (Kelly, 2018). In Iran, despite the proliferation of football academies in recent years, it is observed that a limited number of young players are successfully recruited by clubs and subsequently make the transition into the professional football arena. This phenomenon may be directly related to the methodologies and approaches employed in talent development within football academies. Talent development represents a crucial missing link in Iranian football; if properly addressed within youth academies, it could optimize the utilization of existing talents, reduce operational costs for clubs, and enhance the clubs' popularity among fans and stakeholders. Given the importance of this topic and the existing research gap in the Iranian context, the current study seeks to identify the mental models of experts regarding the factors that influence youth football talent development in Iran, with the aim of providing a clearer roadmap for clubs, coaches, and policymakers. Methods This research is applied in nature and situates itself within the domain of exploratory studies. Employing the Q method as its primary analytical framework, it is classified as mixed-methods research, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study was conducted in eight sequential stages: 1) Reviewing the literature on the subject, identifying and selecting relevant articles, collecting the discourse space, and extracting key factors and issues; 2) Interviewing and surveying experts in the field; 3) Evaluating and summarizing the discourse space; 4) Selecting the final Q statements (Q cards); 5) Creating Q categories based on the statements; 6) Selecting participants from among specialists and experts; 7) Sorting Q samples in the Q diagram; 8) Analyzing the data statistically using Q factor analysis. The statistical population for this research included all veterans in the field of football, instructors, leading talent scouts, sports management specialists, and researchers working in football talent identification and development. The sample size and sampling method can be categorized into two distinct levels: the first level encompasses all veterans in football and football instructors, totaling 11 individuals who were selected through purposive sampling for in-depth interviews. The second level includes top talent scouts from the Football Federation and researchers specializing in talent identification and development, comprising 25 individuals who were selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. The research instruments were divided into two sections based on the data collection method: the first section comprised semi-structured interviews designed to identify factors contributing to the development of youth football, while the second section involved the Q cards for sorting and ranking. The validity of all checklists utilized in the qualitative section of the research was assessed through both face validity and content validity methods. To this end, the diagrams related to the Q methodology and the interview checklists were validated by five experts in sports management who had familiarity with the realm of sports clubs and youth development. To evaluate the reliability of the diagrams and Q cards, the inter-rater reliability method was employed, with four raters tasked with completing the diagram independently. The resulting correlation coefficient of 0.83 indicates a satisfactory and acceptable level of reliability among the raters. Results After conducting interviews and identifying the factors related to talent development in youth football, Q-methodology cards were carefully designed and distributed to the participants. The participants included 16 football scouts from various provinces, such as Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, Fars, Hamadan, and Mazandaran, as well as four heads of the youth committee of football associations from the provinces of Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, Mazandaran, and Fars, and five researchers specializing in youth football development. The findings obtained from the Q-factor analysis revealed that the most significant factors for talent development in youth football were categorized into five distinct mental models: technical-oriented, educational-oriented, experiential-oriented, developmental-oriented, and equipment-oriented, which collectively accounted for approximately 71.22% of the total variance observed in the data. Specialized training exercises, collaboration with elite players, engagement with distinguished coaches, exposure to challenging training conditions, and experiences in diverse training environments constitute the key components of a technical-oriented mindset. This approach also involves increasing training hours and sessions, maintaining standard locations and consistent times for training, imparting individual skills and techniques, implementing competition-simulating exercises, and offering both practical and theoretical training specifically designed to enhance mental development, team skills, and tactical understanding among young players. In terms of an education-oriented mindset, relevant factors include promoting a healthy lifestyle, educating participants on scientific principles of fitness, nutrition, and training science, teaching psychological skills pertinent to football, imparting communication skills, instilling ethical and behavioral principles, providing education on self-management skills, offering legal guidance to football learners, and utilizing virtual and online training platforms. The experience-oriented mindset is distinguished by active participation in tournaments, as well as involvement in both national and international experiences, attendance at sports camps, and opportunities for engagement in national youth team trials and selections. Development-oriented factors include the provision of adequate counseling and guidance for players, strategic planning aimed at optimizing leisure time, the preparation of professional resumes pertinent to the field of football, the identification and correction of musculoskeletal abnormalities, the execution of detailed analyses of training sessions and matches, engagement in the football transfer cycle, the provision of invisible training (home training) for learners, implementation of injury prevention strategies, the preparation of comprehensive demographic, familial, and technical profiles for each player, and the promotion of players' professional character and conduct. Finally, the equipment-oriented mindset is defined by the availability of modern educational aids, training devices, and high-quality equipment for players to use in their daily development. Conclusion Based on the factors delineated in the technical mindset model, it is imperative to prioritize issues related to the quantity and quality of training in youth football, as technical proficiency remains the cornerstone of player development. The educational mindset model underscores the importance of training methodologies for young footballers and clearly identifies the key aspects that should be emphasized in their holistic development. According to the experiential mindset model, it is crucial for emerging talents to cultivate the ability to maintain their performance under challenging conditions through regular participation in tournaments, both national and international experiences, sports camps, and opportunities to try out for national youth teams, all in conjunction with their overall development pathway. The developmental mindset model posits that young footballers should receive supportive guidance, consistent counseling, and scientific planning to enhance their talents and abilities across all personal dimensions, including psychological and social aspects. Finally, in alignment with the equipment mindset model, it is strongly recommended that clubs and the Football Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran undertake concrete initiatives to foster talent development by providing modern educational football facilities and high-quality equipment for players. Collectively, these five mental models offer a comprehensive framework for understanding and improving youth football talent development in Iran, addressing gaps that have previously hindered the transition of young players into professional football. Article Message This study identifies the five core mental models that experts believe are essential for effective talent development: technical, educational, experiential, developmental, and equipment-oriented approaches. The key finding is that success requires a holistic, multi-dimensional strategy. It is not enough to focus solely on technical skills (e.g., specialized drills, elite coaching). True development must be integrated with scientific education (e.g., nutrition, psychology), competitive experiences (e.g., national tournaments, camps), personalized player support (e.g., counseling, injury prevention), and the provision of modern facilities. Ethical Considerations All research was conducted adhering stringently to established ethical protocols. Participant informed consent was obtained prior to data collection, and data confidentiality together with respondent anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study. Researchers upheld participant rights and dignity at all times, following established standards of research ethics. Authors' Contributions Conceptualization: Ali Benesbordi Data Collection: Mojgan Ghasemi nia Data Analysis: Kianoosh Shajie Manuscript Writing: Mojgan Ghasemi nia Review and Editing: Ali Benesbordi Responsible for funding: Ali Benesbordi Literature Review: Mojgan Ghasemi nia Project Manager: Ali Benesbordi Any other Contributions: Full team involvement in theoretical guidance and scientific consultation. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all those who participated in this research for sharing their valuable insights and experiences, which greatly enriched the findings of this study. هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین الگوی ذهنی خبرگان در خصوص عوامل استعدادپروری فوتبال پایه ایران بود. این تحقیق از نظر هدف کاربردی بوده و جزء پژوهش‌های اکتشافی است، از آن جایی که از روش کیو استفاده شد، نوعی پژوهش آمیخته است. روش گردآوری داده‌ها، مطالعات کتابخانه ‏ای و مصاحبه‏ های عمیق نیمه ساختار یافته بود. جامعه‌آماری کلیه پیشکسوتان، مدرسین، استعدادیابان و متخصصین مدیریت ورزشی در حوزه فوتبال پایه بود. نمونه آماری در سطح اول؛ 11 نفر از خبرگان به شیوه هدفمند و در سطح دوم؛ 25 نفر از استعدادیابان و پژوهشگران حوزه پرورش استعداد به شیوه هدفمند و گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق نیز به دو بخش مصاحبه و نمودار کیو تقسیم شد. روایی کلیه چک لیست‌ها در بخش کیفی تحقیق به روش روایی صوری و محتوایی به تایید 5 تن از خبرگان رسید و جهت سنجش پایایی نمودار و کارت‌های کیو از روش پایایی مصححان استفاده شد. روش‌های آماری نیز در دو بخش مصاحبه (تکنیک‌های کد گذاری، تلخیص، فیلترگذاری) و تحلیل عاملی کیو بود. یافته‌ها نشان دادند مهمتربن عوامل استعدادپروری در فوتبال پایه در قالب پنج الگوی ذهنی فنی‌گرایان، آموزش‌گرایان، تجربه‌گرایان، توسعه‌گرایان و تجهیزات‌گرایان؛ احصا شدند. استعدادپروری به حلقه مفقوده و عاملی اثرگذار در توسعه فوتبال حرفه‌ای کشور تبدیل شده است و یکی از علل آن نیز عدم آگاهی از عوامل مهم پرورش استعداد در فوتبال پایه می‌باشد. با استفاده از عوامل شناسایی شده در تحقیق حاضر می‌توان در زمینه پرورش استعداد بهتر و موثرتر عمل کرد.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4926_502cbcfede9f1df5528af4204f33e0c8.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری) مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی 2538-3213 18 96 2026 05 22 Elite Sport in Iran: Influential Factors, Sustainable Development Strategies and outcomes ورزش قهرمانی در ایران: عوامل مؤثر، راهبردهای توسعة پایدار و پیامدها 126 162 4939 10.22089/smrj.2026.18288.4174 FA شمس الدین رضایی گروه علوم ورزشی، دانشکدة علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. 0000-0002-9736-2379 امیرحسین منظمی گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-8020-7698 Journal Article 2025 07 21 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose The sports industry is recognized as one of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors of the twenty-first century, with impacts extending far beyond field competitions and conventional entertainment. Sport has evolved into a multifaceted social, cultural, and economic phenomenon, significantly influencing key indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), employment generation, tourism, public health, and international diplomacy (Rezaei, Gharakhanlou & Soleimani, 2019, p. 150). Consequently, the sports industry is no longer merely a recreational domain but has transformed into a strategic, international value chain encompassing economic, cultural, and technological functions. According to the financial report by the Market Research Corporation (2024, p. 3), the global sports industry market was valued at approximately USD 480.12 billion in 2023, expected to grow to USD 506.93 billion by the end of 2024, and projected to surpass USD 1 trillion by 2030. Multiple studies have identified the core components of the global sports industry as follows: sporting activities (including grassroots sport, educational sport, elite sport, and professional sport); sport-related industries (such as production of sport goods and services, and development of infrastructure and equipment); intermediary services and complementary markets (media and broadcasting rights, advertising and sponsorship, sport tourism, medical services, and sport insurance); and institutional, organizational, and policy frameworks (governance and regulatory bodies, economic and cultural environment, and technological innovation) (Rezaei & Salehipour, 2018, p. 90; Emami, Emami, & Afshari, 2022, p. 232; Orunbayev, 2023, p. 165). There are various global frameworks for categorizing the structure of sport. One well-known hierarchical model is that of Mull, Hardy and Sutton (2005, p. 198), who conceptualize sport structure into four sequential tiers: educational (developmental) sport, recreational and mass sport, elite sport, and professional sport. Each tier encompasses multiple indicators of development. At the base of the pyramid lies educational and developmental sport, while professional sport occupies the apex. The greatest participation rates are observed at the base, with participation decreasing progressively toward the apex. Another model, proposed by Shilbury et al. (2009, p. 213), places educational and foundational sport at the broad base, with mass and elite sport sharing the middle tier, and professional sport positioned at the top of the pyramid. Similarly, Green's participation model (2007, p. 132) situates mass sport at the base, followed by high-performance (elite) sport, culminating with professional sport at the apex. Based on findings from various studies, the key characteristics of elite sport include intense physical and psychological pressures, competition within structured environments governed by strict rules and specialized officiating, utilization of advanced data-driven technologies, time constraints and defined peak performance periods, a strong focus on performance excellence and continuous improvement, institutional and governmental support, high social and cultural value, adherence to sports ethics and anti-doping measures, emphasis on non-monetary values, and a commitment to long-term development (Rezaei, Gharakhanlou & Soleimani, 2019, p. 172; Ohl, Fincoeur & Schoch, 2020, p. 389; Zajda & Vissin, 2024, p. 103). Elite sport not only enhances individual health but also plays a pivotal role in sustainable community development by motivating youth, promoting a culture of peace and friendship, and fostering social cohesion. Success of athletes on international stages can elevate a nation's global prestige and influence (Rodríguez et al., 2024, p. 12). Moreover, elite sport is a key driver of the sports economy, significantly contributing to global economic growth through job creation, attracting investment, and developing the sports tourism industry. Consequently, elite sport serves as a catalyst for economic growth, infrastructural development, and national brand enhancement, although it concurrently faces challenges such as financial risks and legacy effects (Preuss, 2019, p. 104). The structure of sport in any country reflects the complex interactions among governmental, private, social, and cultural institutions. In Iran, this structure is influenced by specific political, economic, cultural, and historical factors that shape the organization, management, and development of sport. A comprehensive understanding of this structure requires a multidisciplinary and multifaceted approach (Rezaei & Salehipour, 2018, p. 91). Consequently, the management of elite sport in Iran predominantly follows a top-down, state-centered approach and has yet to transition into a model of participatory, multi-stakeholder governance. In contrast, in most countries, elite sport management involves collaboration among governmental bodies, professional clubs, private investors, players' unions, and media and marketing institutions. A review and synthesis of the existing literature indicate that elite sport in Iran, regarded as a strategic tool for enhancing public health, strengthening national identity, and elevating the country's international standing, faces numerous challenges and obstacles. These barriers include weaknesses in integrated management, inefficiencies within the sports governance system, lack of federation autonomy, human resource inadequacies, financial opacity and organizational corruption, uneven infrastructure development, international sanctions and restrictions, political interference, ineffective utilization of broadcasting and advertising revenues, shortage of modern information and communication technology infrastructure, imperfect and non-competitive markets, as well as cultural, social, and gender-related obstacles. Furthermore, a heavy financial dependency on governmental sources and insufficient active participation of the private sector exacerbate these issues. Despite these challenges, abundant latent talents and widespread public interest in sports provide significant potential for the advancement of elite sport in Iran. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the factors influencing the development of elite sport in the country and to propose practical and appropriate strategies for its enhancement. Methods Employing a qualitative methodology grounded in the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory, data were collected through literature review and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 purposively selected experts familiar with elite sport. A snowball sampling technique was used to identify participants for the interviews. To ensure trustworthiness of the findings, member checking and expert reviews were conducted, and process auditing yielded an inter-coder agreement of 93%. Data analysis followed the constant comparative method across three distinct stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, in accordance with the grounded theory framework. Results In total, 362 conceptual codes were extracted from the interviews, which, after refinement and classification, were organized into 74 subcategories and ultimately consolidated into 11 main categories. These categories include politicization and structural interference in the governance system of elite sport, development of elite sport in Iran, reform and strengthening of governance and sport management structures, commercialization and privatization of the sport industry, expansion of the professional club system and enhancement of sport diplomacy, development of standard sport infrastructures and facilities, design of a national talent identification system, effective and efficient management, macro-level context and intra-organizational capacities, competent human resources, and multidimensional sustainability and strategic effectiveness within the elite sport system. Each of these categories represents a critical dimension that influences the trajectory of elite sport development in Iran, and together they form a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex interplay of factors at play. Conclusion Elite sport, as a fundamental pillar of the national sports system, plays a strategic role in enhancing social capital, fostering national pride, promoting public diplomacy, generating national honor, and contributing to economic development. However, a comprehensive analysis of the current state of elite sport in Iran reveals numerous structural, managerial, economic, cultural, and international challenges that undermine its sustainability and effectiveness. Structurally, Iran's elite sport governance system is characterized by centralization, politicization, and institutional overlaps. The overlapping roles and responsibilities among institutions such as the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the National Olympic Committee, sports federations, and other governmental bodies have disrupted strategic coherence in policymaking and implementation. The absence of a transparent, accountable, and coordinated governance structure has impaired operational efficiency across the entire system. Regarding human capital, despite possessing significant talent across various disciplines, weaknesses in designing and implementing a national talent identification system, long-term planning, and targeted support for elite athletes have led to resource wastage, shortened athlete career longevity, and elite athlete migration. These deficiencies, combined with a lack of professional welfare and motivational systems, have weakened the drivers of individual and team development in elite sports. Economically, Iran's elite sport remains predominantly dependent on governmental budgets and suffers from the absence of sustainable financial mechanisms. The lack of a tax system supportive of sports, insufficient private sector investment, failure to realize sustainable revenues such as broadcasting rights, advertising, and branding, and the absence of protective legislation for clubs and athletes hinder the formation of a resilient and productive sports economy. Resource allocation inequality has also resulted in disproportionate focus on certain sports—particularly football—at the expense of other promising disciplines. In terms of infrastructure, a significant portion of sports facilities and equipment across the country is either outdated or fails to meet international standards. The shortage of specialized facilities in underserved regions and insufficient investment in grassroots and school sports has weakened the athlete development pipeline from early ages. Furthermore, inadequate provision of professional support services—including sports medicine, nutrition, sports psychology, and performance analysis—has compromised the competitiveness of Iranian athletes on the international stage. Internationally, Iran's sports diplomacy has underperformed relative to its potential. Despite sporadic successes at events like the Olympics, Asian Games, and world championships, limited Iranian representation in global sports governance bodies, constrained relations with international federations, and geopolitical influences have prevented Iran's firm establishment in the global sports governance arena. Restrictions on hosting international events and limited outbound athlete participation have further reduced international sports engagement. Regarding club management, ownership structures, financial management, and marketing remain predominantly non-professional and government-dependent. The failure to register clubs as commercial entities, weak branding, and inefficiency in diversifying revenue sources—such as sponsorship, merchandise sales, membership programs, and digital media—have obstructed the development of professionally sustainable clubs at national and international levels. In sum, this analysis indicates that elite sport in Iran is in a state of "incomplete and unstable growth." Despite abundant human capital, a history of achievements, and multiple latent resources, systemic weaknesses across structural, managerial, financial, technological, and international domains have hindered sustainable and equitable development in this sector. Consequently, it is imperative for policymakers in the sports domain to adopt a comprehensive and scientific approach centered on governance reform, structural modernization, enhancement of sports diplomacy, strengthening of technological infrastructure, and human resource empowerment in order to holistically revitalize Iran's elite sports system. Article Message This study examines the status and development of elite sport in Iran within the context of the global sports industry, which represents a strategic economic, social, and cultural sector. The findings reveal that Iran's elite sport faces significant structural, managerial, economic, and international challenges, including politicized governance, centralized management, financial dependence on the state, weaknesses in talent identification, and limited sports diplomacy. Despite abundant human potential and latent resources, sustainable development requires comprehensive governance reform, structural modernization, commercialization of the sports industry, infrastructure enhancement, and human resource empowerment to strengthen Iran's position in global elite sport. Ethical Considerations All research procedures were conducted in strict accordance with established ethical standards in elite sport and sports management, ensuring the scientific integrity of the study, the confidentiality of all data, and the protection of the rights and dignity of all participants throughout the research process. Authors' Contributions All authors contributed equally to all stages of the study, including conceptualization and study design, data collection, data processing, quantitative and qualitative analyses, manuscript drafting, critical review and editing, literature review, project management, and securing funding. They also contributed to any other aspects of the study as required and collectively assumed full responsibility for the scientific and ethical integrity of the research. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this publication. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank all participants of this study for their invaluable contributions and cooperation, which were essential to the successful completion of this research. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه ورزش قهرمانی در ایران بود. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و با استفاده از روش نظریه داده‌بنیاد به شیوه نظام‌مند استراوس و کوربین انجام شد. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از دو روش مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه‌ساختاریافته با 21 نفر از نخبگان آشنا با حوزه ورزش قهرمانی استفاده شد. مشارکت‌کنندگان با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و به ‌صورت گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شدند. به‌منظور سنجش روایی کیفی، فرایند تأییدپذیری توسط شرکت‌کنندگان و بازبینی متخصصان انجام گرفت. همچنین،پ برای بررسی پایایی داده‌ها، از روش حسابرسی فرایند بهره گرفته شد که در نتیجه آن، میزان توافق برابر با 93 درصد محاسبه شد. فرایند تحلیل داده‌ها براساس روش مقایسه مداوم و در سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی انجام شد. درمجموع، 362 کد مفهومی از مصاحبه‌ها استخراج شد که پس از پالایش و طبقه‌بندی، در قالب 74 مقوله فرعی و 11 طبقه (مقوله اصلی) سامان‌دهی شد. این طبقات شاملِ سیاست‌زدگی و تداخل ساختاری در نظام حکمرانی ورزش قهرمانی، توسعة ورزش قهرمانی ایران، اصلاح و تقویت ساختارهای حکمرانی و مدیریت ورزش، تجاری سازی و خصوصی‌سازی صنعت ورزش، گسترش نظام باشگاه‌داری حرفه‌ای و تقویت دیپلماسی ورزشی، توسعة زیرساخت‌ها و فضاهای ورزشی استاندارد، طراحی نظام ملی استعدادیابی ورزشی، مدیریت اثربخش و کارآمد، فضای کلان و ظرفیت‌های درون‌سازمانی، منابع انسانی کارآمد و پایداری چندبعدی و کارآمدی راهبردی در نظام ورزش قهرمانی بود. الگوی استخراج‌شده می‌تواند به‌عنوان نقشه راهی بومی برای تصمیم‌سازی‌های کلان در حوزه ورزش قهرمانی بهره‌برداری شود. بهره‌گیری از این الگو در سیاست‌گذاری‌های ملی، موجب اثربخشی بیشتر و ارتقای جایگاه ایران در عرصه‌های بین‌المللی خواهد شد.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4939_9a3f263a5e5f63006098a05cd7491997.pdf

پژوهشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی (وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری) مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی 2538-3213 18 96 2026 05 22 Presenting a model of gamification in sports with the approach of promoting children's sports motivation ارائه الگوی بازی‌وارسازی در ورزش با رویکرد ارتقاء انگیزه ورزشی کودکان 163 182 5114 10.22089/smrj.2026.18383.4182 FA محمد جلال گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0009-0004-8469-7454 محمد سلطان حسینی گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0003-2803-8265 مسعود نادریان جهرمی گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0002-3338-6611 محسن وحدانی گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0002-8747-1475 Journal Article 2025 08 11 Extended Abstract Background and Purpose Despite the increasing growth of gamification in children's sports, there are still significant gaps in this area that have limited its effectiveness. First, many existing studies are theoretical and general and lack localization appropriate to the cultural and social characteristics of each society. This has made the practical application of gamification in children's sports environments challenging. Second, the key role of coaches in implementing this approach has been ignored; while empowerment, training, and assessment of coaches' attitudes and skills are essential for the effective implementation of gamification. Third, current policies in grassroots sports focus more on performance and championship competition than on motivation and participation, which has prevented sufficient support for innovative and motivational programs. Fourth, the psychological and individual characteristics of children, as the main audience, are not properly considered in program design; as a result, many programs are unable to create sustainable motivation. Finally, the lack of interdisciplinary and applied research has hindered the development of comprehensive gamification models. For effective transformation in children's sports, there is a need for indigenous, multidisciplinary, and action-based research that can systematically fill these gaps. Methods The present study was conducted qualitatively using the grounded theory method in the systematic manner of Strauss and Corbin (1990). The statistical population consisted of elementary school physical education teachers who were selected based on criteria such as at least five years of professional teaching experience, education related to sports science, familiarity with child development concepts, and direct involvement in planning and implementing sports activities. The ability to actively participate and transfer professional experiences was also considered a necessary condition. Sampling was carried out using the snowball method and judgmental sampling to achieve theoretical saturation; this process was completed by conducting 15 interviews over six months. Data were collected using an inductive approach, and for greater richness, exploratory interviews and library resources were used. The validity of the research was measured with criteria such as sample suitability, content validity of the interviews, and the level of agreement between coders. During the process, feedback was provided after each interview, and participants were included in the analysis process without creating a bias in their responses. Also, the initial conceptual model was provided to the participant after each interview to take into account their supplementary comments. Data collection continued until no new information was obtained and theoretical saturation was achieved. Data reliability was assessed using four quantitative indicators: Holst coefficient (0.855), Scott p-coefficient (0.820), Cohen's kappa index (0.746), and Krippendorff alpha (0.710), all of which are within the acceptable range. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection in three coding stages: open coding (breaking down the data and forming initial categories), axial coding (identifying and connecting categories related to the axial variable), and selective coding (combining the findings into a final theory). A continuous comparison method was used to merge, separate, or reinforce categories to form the theoretical structure of the research. This final model, based on the field experience of the participants and theoretical support from the available resources, provides a clear view of the key components and the relationships between them in the context of gamification of children's sports. Results In this study, four categories are considered: changing lifestyles of families and educational environments, lack of new motivational approaches in children's sports education, dominance of digital game culture and non-motorized entertainment, and decline in children's sports motivation in traditional systems as causal conditions; psychological and behavioral characteristics of children, educational infrastructure and sports environment, and cultural and social system governing children's sports as the main contextual factors; and qualification and attitude of sports coaches, and children's sports planning and policy-making system as intervening categories. Considering the set of concepts extracted from the analysis of interviews and final codes, the researcher named the subcategory of the strategy section: designing and implementing a gamification-based training program for children. The last section of the gamification model in sports with the approach of promoting children's sports motivation includes increasing children's motivation and psychological involvement in sports activities, strengthening children's social and behavioral skills in the context of sports, changing basic sports training methods, increasing sustainable participation, and reducing sports attrition in children. Conclusion Therefore, the outcomes identified in this study clearly demonstrate the importance of the gamification approach in children's sports and emphasize that investment in this area can have widespread effects on improving the quality of life, physical and mental health, and the development of children's social skills. These outcomes also provide a useful framework for policymakers, coaches, and children's sports practitioners to design and implement more effective motivational and educational programs with a comprehensive and practical approach. In order to practically utilize the research findings, it is suggested that sports coaches be trained in specialized gamification courses and strengthen their skills in designing creative and participatory programs, and that the structure of exercises be defined with gradual progression stages and attractive missions to increase children's intrinsic motivation; creating child-centered sports environments with safe equipment and utilizing game-centered digital technologies can increase the attractiveness of exercises and help improve the interaction between coaches and children; sports policymakers need to provide formal frameworks and sufficient financial resources to implement gamification programs and design an effective monitoring and evaluation system for continuous improvement; parents and families can also play an effective supporting role by raising awareness and culture about the importance of gamification and active participation in children's sports; finally, developing educational and recreational programs with an emphasis on children's social and psychological skills can lead to the promotion of sustainable motivation and overall health of children in sports. Article Message This study presents a gamification model in sports aimed at enhancing children's sports motivation and examines the role of psychological, cultural, and educational factors in increasing participation and improving children's sporting behavior. Ethical Considerations In this study, all ethical considerations were observed, including obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of information, respecting participants' individual and professional rights, and using the data responsibly in accordance with research ethics principles. Authors' Contributions Conceptualization: Mohammad Jalal, Mohammad Soltan Hosseini Data Collection: Mohammad Soltan Hosseini, Masoud Naderian Jahromi Data Analysis: Mohammad Jalal, Masoud Naderian Jahromi Manuscript Writing: Mohammad Jalal, Mohammad Soltan Hosseini Review and Editing: Mohammad Jalal, Mohammad Soltan Hosseini, Masoud Naderian Jahromi Literature Review: Masoud Naderian Jahromi, Mohsen Vahdani Project Administration: Mohammad Jalal Other Contributions: Mohsen Vahdani Conflict of Interest According to the authors, this article has no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments In this section, the name(s) of the financial supporter(s) that contributed to conducting the research and preparing the article are mentioned, and all individuals or groups who collaborated in the study are acknowledged and appreciated. هدف این پژوهش ارائه الگوی بازی‌وارسازی در ورزش با رویکرد ارتقای انگیزه ورزشی کودکان بود. این مطالعه با رویکرد کیفی موردی و استفاده از روش نظریه داده‌بنیاد انجام شد. نمونه‌گیری به روش هدفمند و با استفاده از تکنیک اشباع نظری انجام گرفت که طی آن، پانزده نفر از آگاهی‌دهندگان کلیدی برای شناسایی چارچوب شاخص‌های بازی‌وارسازی در ورزش با رویکرد ارتقای انگیزه ورزشی کودکان انتخاب شدند و با آن‌ها مصاحبه شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته (با گروه‌های کانونی) و مطالعه اسناد بود. در این پژوهش، چهار مقوله به‌عنوان شرایط علّی شناسایی شد: تغییر سبک زندگی خانواده‌ها و محیط‌های آموزشی، فقدان رویکردهای انگیزشی نوین در آموزش ورزش کودکان، تسلط فرهنگ بازی دیجیتال و افت انگیزه ورزشی در سیستم‌های سنتی. عوامل زمینه‌ای شامل ویژگی‌های روانی و رفتاری کودکان، زیرساخت‌های آموزشی و محیط ورزشی و نظام فرهنگی و اجتماعی حاکم بر ورزش کودکان بود. مقوله‌های مداخله‌گر شامل صلاحیت و نگرش مربیان و نظام برنامه‌ریزی و سیاست‌گذاری ورزشی تعیین شد. براساس تحلیل مصاحبه‌ها و کدگذاری‌ها، راهبرد اصلی پژوهش، طراحی و اجرای برنامه‌های تمرینی مبتنی بر بازی‌وارسازی برای کودکان شناسایی شد. پیامدهای مدل نهایی شامل افزایش انگیزش و درگیری روانی کودکان، تقویت مهارت‌های اجتماعی و رفتاری، تحول در روش‌های آموزشی ورزش پایه و ارتقای مشارکت پایدار و کاهش ریزش ورزشی بود. این یافته‌ها تأکید می‌کند که برنامه‌های بازی‌وارسازی منطبق با ویژگی‌های کودکان و حمایت مربیان و سیاست‌گذاری مناسب می‌توانند انگیزه، تعامل اجتماعی و استمرار مشارکت ورزشی را به ‌طور مؤثری ارتقا دهند. پیشنهادهای عملیاتی شامل آموزش معلمان تربیت‌بدنی برای طراحی تمرین‌های بازی‌وار، تجهیز محیط‌های ورزشی با ابزارهای بازی‌محور، مشارکت خانواده‌ها و تدوین چارچوب‌های رسمی سیاست‌گذاری است. این مدل نشان می‌دهد که بازی‌وارسازی می‌تواند راهکار عملی و مؤثری برای افزایش انگیزه، مشارکت و تجربه معنادار ورزشی کودکان باشد.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_5114_9e95248d9b714a96f47fd159b4c6e911.pdf