Sport Sciences Research Institute Sport Management Studies 2538-3213 16 86 2024 09 22 Identifying and Leveling Effective Tactics for Improving the Effectiveness of Advertising Message Content in Sports Fields Identifying and Leveling Effective Tactics for Improving the Effectiveness of Advertising Message Content in Sports Fields 17 42 4241 10.22089/smrj.2024.15154.3901 FA Sedighe Saberi Rezvani MSc, Sports Management, Sanabad Institute of Higher Education, Golbahar, Iran Ehsan Asadollahi Assistant Professor, Sports Marketing and Communication Management, Sanabad Golbahar Higher Education Institute, Iran 0000-0003-1409-1006 Journal Article 2023 06 21 Background and Purpose Commercial advertising has become an increasingly powerful force in the modern marketplace, serving as a primary means for organizations to introduce new products, strengthen brand identity, and ultimately drive sales (Asadollahi et al., 2023). The omnipresence of sports and its widespread acceptance among diverse audiences have led many organizations and companies to leverage sports as a dynamic platform for advertising their goods and services (Kordelo, 2020). Sports events offer unique opportunities for advertisers due to the high engagement and emotional investment of spectators. However, the most critical principle in advertising remains its effectiveness: the extent to which an advertisement and its underlying message can achieve the marketing objectives of a company is a central concern for sports marketers (Asadollahi et al., 2021). The sports field is a complex environment for advertising. Spectators are often deeply engrossed in the event, experiencing a variety of emotional and psychological states. Their primary attention is focused on the competition, athletes, and the unfolding drama, with only peripheral attention available for advertising messages. This context necessitates the identification and deployment of the most effective content production and presentation tactics—those capable of capturing attention, resonating emotionally, and leaving a lasting impression amid the excitement and distractions of the event. Thus, the core research question is: What are the effective tactics to improve the effectiveness of advertising message content in sports fields, and how can these tactics be systematically leveled or prioritized? Materials and Methods Given the practical goal of identifying and stratifying effective tactics for improving the effectiveness of advertising content in sports arenas, this research is applied in purpose and current in terms of data collection time. The research design is qualitative, employing descriptive and exploratory methods, and data collection was conducted in the field. The statistical population included experts in sports marketing—both scientific and experiential—as well as specialists from advertising companies. A non-probability, snowball sampling method was employed in the qualitative phase, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. To ensure the validity of the research, the member review method was used: interviewees were asked to provide feedback on the researcher’s interpretation of their statements and to comment on the identified concepts and thematic dimensions. Reliability and validity were further assessed using an audit strategy. For the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) phase, purposeful sampling was used, and the ISM questionnaire was completed by seven experts whose responses formed the basis for subsequent analysis. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data from interviews. Open coding yielded 53 codes, which were then grouped into six sub-themes. These sub-themes were further organized into three main themes based on semantic similarity, with both visible and hidden content dimensions considered. The relationships among these themes were mapped to construct a network of concepts. In the next stage, the ISM questionnaire was analyzed using Excel software, and the factors were leveled according to their influence and dependency. For the ISM, a structural interaction matrix was created, comprising a 9x9 matrix of effective tactics. The achievement set (indicators affected by a given factor) and prerequisite set (indicators affecting a given factor) were determined for each index, using the achievement matrix to identify direct and indirect relationships. This process allowed for the stratification of effective tactics into four levels, providing a clear hierarchy of influence. Findings Descriptive findings revealed that 53.4% of the sample were women and 46.6% were men. Age distribution was as follows: 40% were between 30 and 40 years old, 46.6% between 40 and 50, and 13.4% were over 50. In terms of education, 26.6% held a master’s degree and 73.4% had a doctoral degree. All participants had more than five years of experience; eight were university professors and seven were experts or designers in advertising and marketing. The open coding process identified 53 distinct codes, which were grouped into six sub-themes. These sub-themes were then classified into three main themes, each representing a specific domain of advertising effectiveness in sports fields. The classification process considered both explicit and implicit aspects of the content, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the factors at play. The ISM analysis revealed a four-level hierarchy of effective tactics for improving advertising content in sports arenas. At the highest level (Level 1), with the least influence, were language and frequency. Level 2 included font and background, with these dimensions mutually influencing each other. Color was positioned at Level 3, while the most influential factor, image, occupied Level 4. This hierarchy indicates that while all factors contribute to advertising effectiveness, some—particularly image and color—have a more profound impact on audience attention and message retention. Discussion The results highlight the multifaceted nature of advertising effectiveness in sports fields. The highest priority should be given to the use of appropriate images that align with the content of the advertisement. Images serve as the primary vehicle for capturing attention and conveying meaning quickly and memorably. In the emotionally charged environment of sports events, compelling images can break through the noise and distractions, anchoring the advertisement in the audience’s memory. Color, as the second most influential factor, should be used strategically to appeal to audience preferences and the target market. The findings suggest that complementary color combinations are more effective than simple warm or cold color schemes. Color not only enhances visual appeal but also influences emotional response and brand associations. The background of the advertisement, situated at Level 2, should be simple and uncluttered, allowing images and colors to take center stage. Overly complex backgrounds can confuse the audience and dilute the impact of the message. Similarly, font and language, while less influential than image and color, remain important. Fonts should be both legible and aesthetically pleasing, while language should be clear, concise, and tailored to the audience’s comprehension level. The study underscores that the effectiveness of advertising in sports fields depends on the harmonious integration of all identified factors. Lower-level factors should not be disregarded, as their proper use supports and enhances the impact of higher-level elements. For maximum effectiveness, advertisers should first focus on compelling, relevant images, followed by strategic use of color, simple backgrounds, and clear, attractive fonts and language. Conclusion To maximize the effectiveness of advertising in sports fields, organizations must consider a comprehensive range of factors, each with its own importance and role. The research recommends prioritizing the use of impactful images that align with the advertisement’s content, followed by the strategic application of color, simple and effective backgrounds, and clear, attractive fonts and language. By integrating these elements thoughtfully, advertisers can ensure their messages stand out amid the excitement and distractions of sports events, capturing attention and leaving a lasting impression on the audience. Background and Purpose Commercial advertising has become an increasingly powerful force in the modern marketplace, serving as a primary means for organizations to introduce new products, strengthen brand identity, and ultimately drive sales (Asadollahi et al., 2023). The omnipresence of sports and its widespread acceptance among diverse audiences have led many organizations and companies to leverage sports as a dynamic platform for advertising their goods and services (Kordelo, 2020). Sports events offer unique opportunities for advertisers due to the high engagement and emotional investment of spectators. However, the most critical principle in advertising remains its effectiveness: the extent to which an advertisement and its underlying message can achieve the marketing objectives of a company is a central concern for sports marketers (Asadollahi et al., 2021). The sports field is a complex environment for advertising. Spectators are often deeply engrossed in the event, experiencing a variety of emotional and psychological states. Their primary attention is focused on the competition, athletes, and the unfolding drama, with only peripheral attention available for advertising messages. This context necessitates the identification and deployment of the most effective content production and presentation tactics—those capable of capturing attention, resonating emotionally, and leaving a lasting impression amid the excitement and distractions of the event. Thus, the core research question is: What are the effective tactics to improve the effectiveness of advertising message content in sports fields, and how can these tactics be systematically leveled or prioritized? Materials and Methods Given the practical goal of identifying and stratifying effective tactics for improving the effectiveness of advertising content in sports arenas, this research is applied in purpose and current in terms of data collection time. The research design is qualitative, employing descriptive and exploratory methods, and data collection was conducted in the field. The statistical population included experts in sports marketing—both scientific and experiential—as well as specialists from advertising companies. A non-probability, snowball sampling method was employed in the qualitative phase, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. To ensure the validity of the research, the member review method was used: interviewees were asked to provide feedback on the researcher’s interpretation of their statements and to comment on the identified concepts and thematic dimensions. Reliability and validity were further assessed using an audit strategy. For the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) phase, purposeful sampling was used, and the ISM questionnaire was completed by seven experts whose responses formed the basis for subsequent analysis. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data from interviews. Open coding yielded 53 codes, which were then grouped into six sub-themes. These sub-themes were further organized into three main themes based on semantic similarity, with both visible and hidden content dimensions considered. The relationships among these themes were mapped to construct a network of concepts. In the next stage, the ISM questionnaire was analyzed using Excel software, and the factors were leveled according to their influence and dependency. For the ISM, a structural interaction matrix was created, comprising a 9x9 matrix of effective tactics. The achievement set (indicators affected by a given factor) and prerequisite set (indicators affecting a given factor) were determined for each index, using the achievement matrix to identify direct and indirect relationships. This process allowed for the stratification of effective tactics into four levels, providing a clear hierarchy of influence. Findings Descriptive findings revealed that 53.4% of the sample were women and 46.6% were men. Age distribution was as follows: 40% were between 30 and 40 years old, 46.6% between 40 and 50, and 13.4% were over 50. In terms of education, 26.6% held a master’s degree and 73.4% had a doctoral degree. All participants had more than five years of experience; eight were university professors and seven were experts or designers in advertising and marketing. The open coding process identified 53 distinct codes, which were grouped into six sub-themes. These sub-themes were then classified into three main themes, each representing a specific domain of advertising effectiveness in sports fields. The classification process considered both explicit and implicit aspects of the content, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the factors at play. The ISM analysis revealed a four-level hierarchy of effective tactics for improving advertising content in sports arenas. At the highest level (Level 1), with the least influence, were language and frequency. Level 2 included font and background, with these dimensions mutually influencing each other. Color was positioned at Level 3, while the most influential factor, image, occupied Level 4. This hierarchy indicates that while all factors contribute to advertising effectiveness, some—particularly image and color—have a more profound impact on audience attention and message retention. Discussion The results highlight the multifaceted nature of advertising effectiveness in sports fields. The highest priority should be given to the use of appropriate images that align with the content of the advertisement. Images serve as the primary vehicle for capturing attention and conveying meaning quickly and memorably. In the emotionally charged environment of sports events, compelling images can break through the noise and distractions, anchoring the advertisement in the audience’s memory. Color, as the second most influential factor, should be used strategically to appeal to audience preferences and the target market. The findings suggest that complementary color combinations are more effective than simple warm or cold color schemes. Color not only enhances visual appeal but also influences emotional response and brand associations. The background of the advertisement, situated at Level 2, should be simple and uncluttered, allowing images and colors to take center stage. Overly complex backgrounds can confuse the audience and dilute the impact of the message. Similarly, font and language, while less influential than image and color, remain important. Fonts should be both legible and aesthetically pleasing, while language should be clear, concise, and tailored to the audience’s comprehension level. The study underscores that the effectiveness of advertising in sports fields depends on the harmonious integration of all identified factors. Lower-level factors should not be disregarded, as their proper use supports and enhances the impact of higher-level elements. For maximum effectiveness, advertisers should first focus on compelling, relevant images, followed by strategic use of color, simple backgrounds, and clear, attractive fonts and language. Conclusion To maximize the effectiveness of advertising in sports fields, organizations must consider a comprehensive range of factors, each with its own importance and role. The research recommends prioritizing the use of impactful images that align with the advertisement’s content, followed by the strategic application of color, simple and effective backgrounds, and clear, attractive fonts and language. By integrating these elements thoughtfully, advertisers can ensure their messages stand out amid the excitement and distractions of sports events, capturing attention and leaving a lasting impression on the audience.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4241_28f7241796510e838db4a1384ae1279d.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Sport Management Studies 2538-3213 16 86 2024 09 22 Developing a Conceptual Model of Knowledge Management in International Sports Events Developing a Conceptual Model of Knowledge Management in International Sports Events 43 62 4243 10.22089/smrj.2024.15033.3885 FA Leila Moslehi Department of sport management, faculty of sport sciences, ,Alzahra university, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5074-1451 Maryam Mokhtari Dinani Department of sport management, faculty of sport sciences, ,Alzahra university, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0621-2760 Journal Article 2023 06 04 Background and Purpose Sports events are complex, large-scale projects that involve multiple stages and require coordinated efforts from diverse teams to achieve success. These events generate valuable knowledge throughout their lifecycle, which can serve as a critical legacy for future events. Knowledge management—the systematic process of identifying, capturing, transferring, and utilizing knowledge—plays a vital role in improving the performance and quality of sports events. Effective knowledge management prevents the reinvention of systems and ideas and reduces the repetition of past errors, thereby enhancing efficiency and outcomes. In Iran, numerous sports events are held annually at various levels by different sports organizations. During the phases before, during, and after these events, a wealth of knowledge is accumulated from hosting experiences. However, this knowledge often remains unmanaged, leading to its underutilization and, consequently, missed opportunities for improving subsequent events. The largely voluntary nature of the sports sector in Iran further accentuates the need for knowledge management to maximize limited resources and optimize event outcomes. Despite the critical importance of knowledge management in sports events, there is currently no organized or systematic process for managing this intangible asset in Iran’s national or international sports events. A review of the existing literature reveals a significant research gap in the field of knowledge management specific to sports events within the country. Given this deficiency and the strategic importance of international sports events—those monitored by international organizations and capable of influencing Iran’s global sports standing—there is an urgent need to develop a conceptual framework that addresses knowledge management in this context. This study aims to answer the central research question: What are the components of a quality knowledge management model for Iran’s international sports events based on the systematic grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin? Materials and Methods The research employed a qualitative design using the systematic grounded theory methodology developed by Strauss and Corbin. This approach was selected for its ability to generate theory grounded in empirical data, particularly suited for exploring complex social phenomena such as knowledge management in sports events. Recognizing that variables such as event scale and host characteristics influence knowledge management strategies, the study focused on a specific international sports event to ensure validity and accuracy. The International Fajr Cup—a single-sport event hosted annually in Tehran by the National Badminton Federation—was chosen as the case study. This event’s consistent location and sport type provided a controlled environment for investigation. The study population comprised two groups: sports managers involved in organizing the International Fajr Cup and academic faculty members specializing in sports management with research and practical experience in knowledge management and sports event management. Participants were selected purposively, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached, culminating in fourteen in-depth interviews. Data analysis followed the three-stage coding process characteristic of grounded theory: open coding to identify initial concepts, axial coding to explore relationships among categories, and selective coding to integrate categories into a coherent theoretical model. Findings During the open coding phase, 148 concepts were initially identified, which were refined to 117 after removing duplicates. Axial coding grouped these concepts into 33 categories, revealing relationships and hierarchies among them. Finally, selective coding synthesized these categories into 14 overarching components that constitute the conceptual model. The model identifies several key dimensions: Causal Conditions: These include managerial factors such as managers’ support and their personal characteristics, as well as human resources factors encompassing knowledge, awareness, motivation, and commitment. These conditions are foundational drivers that influence the success of knowledge management efforts. Contextual Conditions: Technology and legal frameworks form the environmental backdrop for knowledge management. Technological factors include software and hardware infrastructure necessary for knowledge capture and dissemination. Legal frameworks encompass supportive policies and regulatory requirements that facilitate or constrain knowledge management practices. Intervening Conditions: Cultural factors—such as a culture of individualism and a weak learning culture—and project characteristics, including the nature of the event and the human resources involved, act as moderators that affect how knowledge management is implemented. Central Phenomenon: The core of the model is the management of tacit and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge management involves the handling of knowledge held by organizing managers, executive agents, and participants, often informal and experiential. Explicit knowledge management relates to managing formal documents, including management and non-management records. Strategies: The model outlines three primary strategies for effective knowledge management: planning, human resource management, and monitoring and evaluation. Planning involves macro-level event knowledge management, defining actionable measures, allocating resources, and creating enabling environments. Human resource management focuses on training, motivation, cultural promotion, and job-related actions. Monitoring and evaluation encompass assessing both the implementation process and outcomes of knowledge management activities. Consequences: The anticipated outcomes of successful knowledge management include improved quality of sports events (in terms of organization, services, and processes), enhanced human resources (development of managers and employees), and an improved international image and position of the country from the perspectives of participants and sports organizations. Conclusion This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into knowledge management in sports events within Iran, offering a qualitative model grounded in expert opinions and empirical data. The model provides a scientific framework that can serve as a foundation for implementation and future research. The findings emphasize the pivotal role of managers in knowledge management success. Managerial factors emerged as key causal conditions, and the identified strategies largely fall within managerial responsibilities, underscoring the necessity of strong leadership and commitment to knowledge management practices in international sports events. By adopting this model, sports organizations can systematically capture, transfer, and utilize knowledge gained from hosting international events, thereby enhancing event quality, human capital, and the country’s global sports reputation. Future research should build upon this framework to develop quantitative measures, test the model in diverse sports contexts, and explore the integration of emerging technologies in knowledge management for sports events. Background and Purpose Sports events are complex, large-scale projects that involve multiple stages and require coordinated efforts from diverse teams to achieve success. These events generate valuable knowledge throughout their lifecycle, which can serve as a critical legacy for future events. Knowledge management—the systematic process of identifying, capturing, transferring, and utilizing knowledge—plays a vital role in improving the performance and quality of sports events. Effective knowledge management prevents the reinvention of systems and ideas and reduces the repetition of past errors, thereby enhancing efficiency and outcomes. In Iran, numerous sports events are held annually at various levels by different sports organizations. During the phases before, during, and after these events, a wealth of knowledge is accumulated from hosting experiences. However, this knowledge often remains unmanaged, leading to its underutilization and, consequently, missed opportunities for improving subsequent events. The largely voluntary nature of the sports sector in Iran further accentuates the need for knowledge management to maximize limited resources and optimize event outcomes. Despite the critical importance of knowledge management in sports events, there is currently no organized or systematic process for managing this intangible asset in Iran’s national or international sports events. A review of the existing literature reveals a significant research gap in the field of knowledge management specific to sports events within the country. Given this deficiency and the strategic importance of international sports events—those monitored by international organizations and capable of influencing Iran’s global sports standing—there is an urgent need to develop a conceptual framework that addresses knowledge management in this context. This study aims to answer the central research question: What are the components of a quality knowledge management model for Iran’s international sports events based on the systematic grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin? Materials and Methods The research employed a qualitative design using the systematic grounded theory methodology developed by Strauss and Corbin. This approach was selected for its ability to generate theory grounded in empirical data, particularly suited for exploring complex social phenomena such as knowledge management in sports events. Recognizing that variables such as event scale and host characteristics influence knowledge management strategies, the study focused on a specific international sports event to ensure validity and accuracy. The International Fajr Cup—a single-sport event hosted annually in Tehran by the National Badminton Federation—was chosen as the case study. This event’s consistent location and sport type provided a controlled environment for investigation. The study population comprised two groups: sports managers involved in organizing the International Fajr Cup and academic faculty members specializing in sports management with research and practical experience in knowledge management and sports event management. Participants were selected purposively, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached, culminating in fourteen in-depth interviews. Data analysis followed the three-stage coding process characteristic of grounded theory: open coding to identify initial concepts, axial coding to explore relationships among categories, and selective coding to integrate categories into a coherent theoretical model. Findings During the open coding phase, 148 concepts were initially identified, which were refined to 117 after removing duplicates. Axial coding grouped these concepts into 33 categories, revealing relationships and hierarchies among them. Finally, selective coding synthesized these categories into 14 overarching components that constitute the conceptual model. The model identifies several key dimensions: Causal Conditions: These include managerial factors such as managers’ support and their personal characteristics, as well as human resources factors encompassing knowledge, awareness, motivation, and commitment. These conditions are foundational drivers that influence the success of knowledge management efforts. Contextual Conditions: Technology and legal frameworks form the environmental backdrop for knowledge management. Technological factors include software and hardware infrastructure necessary for knowledge capture and dissemination. Legal frameworks encompass supportive policies and regulatory requirements that facilitate or constrain knowledge management practices. Intervening Conditions: Cultural factors—such as a culture of individualism and a weak learning culture—and project characteristics, including the nature of the event and the human resources involved, act as moderators that affect how knowledge management is implemented. Central Phenomenon: The core of the model is the management of tacit and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge management involves the handling of knowledge held by organizing managers, executive agents, and participants, often informal and experiential. Explicit knowledge management relates to managing formal documents, including management and non-management records. Strategies: The model outlines three primary strategies for effective knowledge management: planning, human resource management, and monitoring and evaluation. Planning involves macro-level event knowledge management, defining actionable measures, allocating resources, and creating enabling environments. Human resource management focuses on training, motivation, cultural promotion, and job-related actions. Monitoring and evaluation encompass assessing both the implementation process and outcomes of knowledge management activities. Consequences: The anticipated outcomes of successful knowledge management include improved quality of sports events (in terms of organization, services, and processes), enhanced human resources (development of managers and employees), and an improved international image and position of the country from the perspectives of participants and sports organizations. Conclusion This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into knowledge management in sports events within Iran, offering a qualitative model grounded in expert opinions and empirical data. The model provides a scientific framework that can serve as a foundation for implementation and future research. The findings emphasize the pivotal role of managers in knowledge management success. Managerial factors emerged as key causal conditions, and the identified strategies largely fall within managerial responsibilities, underscoring the necessity of strong leadership and commitment to knowledge management practices in international sports events. By adopting this model, sports organizations can systematically capture, transfer, and utilize knowledge gained from hosting international events, thereby enhancing event quality, human capital, and the country’s global sports reputation. Future research should build upon this framework to develop quantitative measures, test the model in diverse sports contexts, and explore the integration of emerging technologies in knowledge management for sports events.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4243_5edc4f7dce28c711afc6265b4f99bf57.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Sport Management Studies 2538-3213 16 86 2024 09 22 Forecasting the Development of the Iraqi Premier Football League Based on Scenario Planning for 2032 Forecasting the Development of the Iraqi Premier Football League Based on Scenario Planning for 2032 63 84 4244 10.22089/smrj.2024.14602.3851 FA Mahmood Fazel Hemadi Ph.D Candidate. in Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Mehdi Salimi Associate professor in sport management, Sport sciences Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0003-4566-6490 Mohammad Soltanhoseini Associate professor in sport management, Sport sciences Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0003-2803-8265 Mohsen Vahdani Assistant professor in sport management, Sport sciences Faculty, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0002-8747-1475 Journal Article 2023 03 31 Background and Purpose Football is the most popular sport worldwide and has evolved into a significant industry with far-reaching economic, cultural, and social implications. It not only entertains millions but also shapes identities, fosters community belonging, and influences business behaviors among its stakeholders. In Iraq, football holds a particularly prominent position, with the Iraqi Premier Football League standing as the centerpiece of the country’s sports industry. Despite its popularity and passionate following, the Iraqi Premier League has lagged behind other countries' leagues in terms of organizational development, competition structure, and management. This research was initiated to explore the future development of the Iraqi Premier League by identifying key dimensions and requirements for its advancement, employing scenario planning and the mutual effects matrix method. The rationale for this research is grounded in the recognition that the sustainable development of football leagues depends on a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing their growth and the ability to anticipate future challenges and opportunities. Scenario planning, a foresight methodology, enables stakeholders to visualize different potential futures and devise strategic responses. By applying this approach to the Iraqi Premier League, the research aims to provide actionable insights and strategic options for policymakers, league organizers, and other stakeholders committed to elevating the league’s status by the year 2032. Methods This study employed a qualitative research design with a practical orientation and a normative approach. The research population comprised professors, experts, and elites with deep knowledge of the football industry in Iraq, including football managers and academics. The sampling strategy was purposeful and based on theoretical saturation, ensuring that participants could provide the richest and most relevant insights into the phenomenon under study. Ultimately, ten experts and elites, including managers, coaches, and professors, each with at least ten years of professional football experience and a minimum of a master’s degree, were selected for in-depth semi-structured interviews. The primary research instrument was a semi-structured interview guide designed to elicit detailed perspectives on the current state and future prospects of the Iraqi Premier League. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, the study employed Wolcott’s fourfold approach, which emphasizes credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability in qualitative research. For scenario development, the study utilized the mutual effects analysis matrix, a recognized tool in futures studies. This method involves mapping the qualitative effects of key variables on one another within a system, thereby constructing scenarios based on the network of mutual influences. In this research, twenty primary variables were identified and categorized into eight main groups. These variables were entered into Mic Mac software, which facilitated the formation of a twenty-by-twenty mutual effects matrix. The experts evaluated the degree of influence and dependence among variables, assigning scores from zero to three to reflect the intensity of these relationships. The process included two cycles of data analysis to ensure the robustness of the results. The scenario wizard software was then used to synthesize the findings and generate coherent future scenarios for the league. The validity and reliability of the research tools and process were confirmed through repeated data cycles and expert consensus. Findings The analysis of the mutual effects matrix revealed ten key influential variables critical to the future development of the Iraqi Premier League. The regulation of support laws for spectators and fans demonstrated the highest influence coefficient on other variables, accounting for forty-five percent of influence. The availability of spaces with the potential to host competitions, the establishment of talent centers, and the existence of growth and training clubs also emerged as highly influential variables, with influence coefficients of forty-four percent, forty-three percent, and forty-two percent respectively. Additionally, the regulation of business and support laws for financial sponsors, the creation of a market for selling league goods, the setting of unified rules for the use of stadiums equipped with clubs, the development of a marketing plan for tournament ticket pricing, the utilization of virtual space to create special brand value, and the identification of spatial and temporal positions for branding were identified as critical factors shaping the league’s future. Among these, the variable concerning the creation of an integrated competitive balance had the highest influence among all variables, with a coefficient of forty-eight percent. This was followed by increasing demand for league viewership and attractiveness, developing a strategic plan for league organization, and leveraging media for income generation and exclusive broadcasting rights, each with influence coefficients ranging between forty-two and forty-three percent. These findings indicate that legislative frameworks, talent development, infrastructure, and strategic marketing are pivotal factors that shape the league’s trajectory. The interplay among these factors determines the league’s ability to attract fans, sponsors, and media attention, which in turn drives its commercial and competitive success. Based on the mutual effects analysis, three main scenarios were constructed for the future of the Iraqi Premier League. The favorable or utopian scenario is characterized by optimal legislative support, robust talent development, advanced infrastructure, effective marketing, and strong stakeholder collaboration. This scenario envisions a thriving league that achieves international recognition and sustainable growth. The continuation or status quo scenario reflects the persistence of current challenges and moderate improvements. The league maintains its existing structure with incremental progress but fails to achieve transformative change. The unfavorable or bell’s slavery scenario is marked by stagnation or regression due to inadequate reforms, weak stakeholder engagement, and missed opportunities for modernization. The league struggles with declining competitiveness and relevance. Conclusion This research, through its applied and standardized scenario development approach, has identified the key determinants of the Iraqi Premier League’s future. The use of library research, expert interviews, and advanced scenario planning tools has enabled a comprehensive analysis of the league’s developmental landscape. The findings underscore the importance of revisiting and updating legislative frameworks, fostering collaboration between public and private sectors, implementing effective marketing strategies, and diversifying urban and stadium spaces to unlock the league’s full potential. To realize the favorable scenario, the study recommends reviewing and strengthening laws related to spectator and sponsor support, integrating judiciary and policy-making efforts, enhancing public-private partnerships, promoting constructive marketing and branding strategies, and diversifying and upgrading event locations and facilities. By adopting these strategies, the Iraqi Premier League can position itself for sustained growth, increased competitiveness, and greater appeal to fans and commercial partners alike. Background and Purpose Football is the most popular sport worldwide and has evolved into a significant industry with far-reaching economic, cultural, and social implications. It not only entertains millions but also shapes identities, fosters community belonging, and influences business behaviors among its stakeholders. In Iraq, football holds a particularly prominent position, with the Iraqi Premier Football League standing as the centerpiece of the country’s sports industry. Despite its popularity and passionate following, the Iraqi Premier League has lagged behind other countries' leagues in terms of organizational development, competition structure, and management. This research was initiated to explore the future development of the Iraqi Premier League by identifying key dimensions and requirements for its advancement, employing scenario planning and the mutual effects matrix method. The rationale for this research is grounded in the recognition that the sustainable development of football leagues depends on a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing their growth and the ability to anticipate future challenges and opportunities. Scenario planning, a foresight methodology, enables stakeholders to visualize different potential futures and devise strategic responses. By applying this approach to the Iraqi Premier League, the research aims to provide actionable insights and strategic options for policymakers, league organizers, and other stakeholders committed to elevating the league’s status by the year 2032. Methods This study employed a qualitative research design with a practical orientation and a normative approach. The research population comprised professors, experts, and elites with deep knowledge of the football industry in Iraq, including football managers and academics. The sampling strategy was purposeful and based on theoretical saturation, ensuring that participants could provide the richest and most relevant insights into the phenomenon under study. Ultimately, ten experts and elites, including managers, coaches, and professors, each with at least ten years of professional football experience and a minimum of a master’s degree, were selected for in-depth semi-structured interviews. The primary research instrument was a semi-structured interview guide designed to elicit detailed perspectives on the current state and future prospects of the Iraqi Premier League. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, the study employed Wolcott’s fourfold approach, which emphasizes credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability in qualitative research. For scenario development, the study utilized the mutual effects analysis matrix, a recognized tool in futures studies. This method involves mapping the qualitative effects of key variables on one another within a system, thereby constructing scenarios based on the network of mutual influences. In this research, twenty primary variables were identified and categorized into eight main groups. These variables were entered into Mic Mac software, which facilitated the formation of a twenty-by-twenty mutual effects matrix. The experts evaluated the degree of influence and dependence among variables, assigning scores from zero to three to reflect the intensity of these relationships. The process included two cycles of data analysis to ensure the robustness of the results. The scenario wizard software was then used to synthesize the findings and generate coherent future scenarios for the league. The validity and reliability of the research tools and process were confirmed through repeated data cycles and expert consensus. Findings The analysis of the mutual effects matrix revealed ten key influential variables critical to the future development of the Iraqi Premier League. The regulation of support laws for spectators and fans demonstrated the highest influence coefficient on other variables, accounting for forty-five percent of influence. The availability of spaces with the potential to host competitions, the establishment of talent centers, and the existence of growth and training clubs also emerged as highly influential variables, with influence coefficients of forty-four percent, forty-three percent, and forty-two percent respectively. Additionally, the regulation of business and support laws for financial sponsors, the creation of a market for selling league goods, the setting of unified rules for the use of stadiums equipped with clubs, the development of a marketing plan for tournament ticket pricing, the utilization of virtual space to create special brand value, and the identification of spatial and temporal positions for branding were identified as critical factors shaping the league’s future. Among these, the variable concerning the creation of an integrated competitive balance had the highest influence among all variables, with a coefficient of forty-eight percent. This was followed by increasing demand for league viewership and attractiveness, developing a strategic plan for league organization, and leveraging media for income generation and exclusive broadcasting rights, each with influence coefficients ranging between forty-two and forty-three percent. These findings indicate that legislative frameworks, talent development, infrastructure, and strategic marketing are pivotal factors that shape the league’s trajectory. The interplay among these factors determines the league’s ability to attract fans, sponsors, and media attention, which in turn drives its commercial and competitive success. Based on the mutual effects analysis, three main scenarios were constructed for the future of the Iraqi Premier League. The favorable or utopian scenario is characterized by optimal legislative support, robust talent development, advanced infrastructure, effective marketing, and strong stakeholder collaboration. This scenario envisions a thriving league that achieves international recognition and sustainable growth. The continuation or status quo scenario reflects the persistence of current challenges and moderate improvements. The league maintains its existing structure with incremental progress but fails to achieve transformative change. The unfavorable or bell’s slavery scenario is marked by stagnation or regression due to inadequate reforms, weak stakeholder engagement, and missed opportunities for modernization. The league struggles with declining competitiveness and relevance. Conclusion This research, through its applied and standardized scenario development approach, has identified the key determinants of the Iraqi Premier League’s future. The use of library research, expert interviews, and advanced scenario planning tools has enabled a comprehensive analysis of the league’s developmental landscape. The findings underscore the importance of revisiting and updating legislative frameworks, fostering collaboration between public and private sectors, implementing effective marketing strategies, and diversifying urban and stadium spaces to unlock the league’s full potential. To realize the favorable scenario, the study recommends reviewing and strengthening laws related to spectator and sponsor support, integrating judiciary and policy-making efforts, enhancing public-private partnerships, promoting constructive marketing and branding strategies, and diversifying and upgrading event locations and facilities. By adopting these strategies, the Iraqi Premier League can position itself for sustained growth, increased competitiveness, and greater appeal to fans and commercial partners alike.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4244_7369f3c86bf3c0a354615432832d9e8f.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Sport Management Studies 2538-3213 16 86 2024 09 22 Designing a Value Co-Creation Pattern in the Iranian Women's Football Ecosystem Designing a Value Co-Creation Pattern in the Iranian Women's Football Ecosystem 83 102 4279 10.22089/smrj.2024.15648.3950 FA Nahid Ghavipanjeh Ph.D. Student of sport management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran 0009-0000-8098-8896 Masoume Kalateh Seifari Professor of sport management ,Department of sport management, faculty of sports sciences, University of mazandaran , babolsar, Iran 0000-0002-1351-3644 Saeid Tabesh Associate Professor/ Faculty of Physical Education, University of Mazandaran. Babolsar Iran Journal Article 2023 09 16 Background and Purpose Value creation through co-creation has emerged as a critical factor for the sustainability and growth of organizations and institutions, especially in dynamic and competitive environments (Dziewanowska, 2018). This concept emphasizes active engagement and collaboration among stakeholders, leveraging organizational resources and capabilities optimally to generate mutual benefits. In the realm of sports, value co-creation involves attracting customers—such as fans, players, sponsors, and other stakeholders—in a manner that they perceive themselves as integral parts of the organization or ecosystem (Hosseini Nia et al., 2016). Women's sports, in particular, face significant challenges in attracting financial resources beyond official budgets. The limited number of financial supporters and sponsors in women’s sports constrains growth and professionalization (Khatibi et al., 2020). Although Iranian women's sports have shown relative progress domestically and internationally, the level of planning, investment, and attention from officials remains insufficient compared to competitors and global standards. This gap underscores the necessity to focus on factors that can foster the development of women's sports, with value co-creation standing out as a promising perspective to enhance financial support and marketing efforts. Ignoring the principles of value co-creation risks undermining the growth of women’s football and other women’s sports. There is a clear demand and potential to support women's football competitions, but it is imperative to avoid repeating governance mistakes that have hindered progress in the past. Managers can attract players and stakeholders to women’s football without incurring prohibitive costs such as exorbitant salaries by effectively engaging shareholders and collaborators. This approach can lead to a synergistic ecosystem where value is co-created among all participants, fostering sustainable development. Given the lack of prior research focusing specifically on value co-creation within the ecosystem of women's football in Iran, this study aims to fill this gap by developing a comprehensive model that elucidates the components, conditions, strategies, and outcomes of value co-creation in this context. The central research question guiding this study is: How can a value co-creation model be conceptualized for the ecosystem of women's football in Iran? Materials and Methods This research is practical in purpose and qualitative in nature, employing the grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin for data analysis. The statistical population comprised experts with extensive knowledge and experience in professional and championship sports within Iran. A purposive sampling technique was used, guided by the criterion of theoretical saturation to ensure sufficient depth and breadth of data. Recognizing the novelty of the research topic and potential data limitations, a triangulation approach was adopted, incorporating multiple data sources: library and documentary research, expert group discussions, and in-depth interviews with specialists. To ensure validity, the study employed several rigorous criteria, including prolonged engagement with data, stable observation, meticulous tracking of data acquisition, triangulation of sources, and continuous comparative analysis. Reliability was assessed via intra-subject agreement between two coders who independently analyzed three randomly selected interviews. The total number of codes identified was 75, with 34 codes overlapping between coders. The intercoder reliability reached 90%, exceeding the commonly accepted threshold of 60%, confirming the robustness of the coding process. Findings The analysis revealed that value co-creation in the ecosystem of women's football in Iran is influenced by several critical conditions and factors, which were organized into six key dimensions: Essential Conditions:These include alignment with organizational goals, ensuring that all stakeholders share a common vision and objectives that drive collaborative efforts. Value-Creating Capacities:The inherent abilities and resources within the ecosystem that enable stakeholders to generate value collectively, such as talent, infrastructure, and organizational competencies. Environmental Conditions:External factors such as market dynamics, cultural attitudes, regulatory frameworks, and economic conditions that impact the feasibility and effectiveness of value co-creation. Intervention Conditions:Factors that modulate the co-creation process, including stability in decision-making, cognitive resistance among stakeholders, and the centrality of the phenomenon within the organizational context. Value Co-Creation Strategies:Practical approaches identified include enhancing program transparency to build trust and accountability, and fostering networking among stakeholders to facilitate collaboration and resource sharing. Consequences:The outcomes of effective value co-creation encompass value integration across the ecosystem, sustainability of the value chain ensuring long-term viability, and marketing sustainability that supports continuous engagement and growth. Discussion and Conclusion This study presents a pioneering model of value co-creation tailored to the ecosystem of women's football in Iran. The six dimensions identified provide a comprehensive framework for understanding how value can be generated collaboratively among diverse stakeholders in a complex and evolving sports environment. The essential conditions emphasize the importance of strategic alignment, ensuring that all participants work toward shared goals. Value-creating capacities highlight the need to leverage internal strengths and resources effectively. Environmental conditions remind us that external factors can either facilitate or hinder co-creation efforts, necessitating adaptive strategies. Intervention conditions such as decision-making stability and cognitive resistance are crucial in managing change and overcoming barriers to collaboration. The strategies of program transparency and networking are actionable levers that organizations can use to foster trust, communication, and joint value generation. The consequences of successful value co-creation—value integration, value chain sustainability, and marketing sustainability—are vital for the long-term growth and competitiveness of women’s football. These outcomes not only enhance the economic viability of the sport but also contribute to social and cultural development. Based on these findings, it is recommended that organizations and relevant authorities in women’s football in Iran develop comprehensive programs and strategies that prioritize alignment with organizational goals, strengthen organizational infrastructure, and enhance communication channels. Increasing transparency and promoting networking will improve stakeholder engagement and ecosystem cohesion. Furthermore, policymakers should focus on creating supportive policies that facilitate value integration and sustainability across the value chain and marketing efforts. Practical steps such as transparent planning, targeted support campaigns, and initiatives to boost customer satisfaction are essential to overcoming existing challenges and unlocking the full potential of women’s football. This research contributes valuable insights that can inform decision-making and strategic planning in women’s sports. It also lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at refining and expanding the understanding of value co-creation in sports ecosystems. Background and Purpose Value creation through co-creation has emerged as a critical factor for the sustainability and growth of organizations and institutions, especially in dynamic and competitive environments (Dziewanowska, 2018). This concept emphasizes active engagement and collaboration among stakeholders, leveraging organizational resources and capabilities optimally to generate mutual benefits. In the realm of sports, value co-creation involves attracting customers—such as fans, players, sponsors, and other stakeholders—in a manner that they perceive themselves as integral parts of the organization or ecosystem (Hosseini Nia et al., 2016). Women's sports, in particular, face significant challenges in attracting financial resources beyond official budgets. The limited number of financial supporters and sponsors in women’s sports constrains growth and professionalization (Khatibi et al., 2020). Although Iranian women's sports have shown relative progress domestically and internationally, the level of planning, investment, and attention from officials remains insufficient compared to competitors and global standards. This gap underscores the necessity to focus on factors that can foster the development of women's sports, with value co-creation standing out as a promising perspective to enhance financial support and marketing efforts. Ignoring the principles of value co-creation risks undermining the growth of women’s football and other women’s sports. There is a clear demand and potential to support women's football competitions, but it is imperative to avoid repeating governance mistakes that have hindered progress in the past. Managers can attract players and stakeholders to women’s football without incurring prohibitive costs such as exorbitant salaries by effectively engaging shareholders and collaborators. This approach can lead to a synergistic ecosystem where value is co-created among all participants, fostering sustainable development. Given the lack of prior research focusing specifically on value co-creation within the ecosystem of women's football in Iran, this study aims to fill this gap by developing a comprehensive model that elucidates the components, conditions, strategies, and outcomes of value co-creation in this context. The central research question guiding this study is: How can a value co-creation model be conceptualized for the ecosystem of women's football in Iran? Materials and Methods This research is practical in purpose and qualitative in nature, employing the grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin for data analysis. The statistical population comprised experts with extensive knowledge and experience in professional and championship sports within Iran. A purposive sampling technique was used, guided by the criterion of theoretical saturation to ensure sufficient depth and breadth of data. Recognizing the novelty of the research topic and potential data limitations, a triangulation approach was adopted, incorporating multiple data sources: library and documentary research, expert group discussions, and in-depth interviews with specialists. To ensure validity, the study employed several rigorous criteria, including prolonged engagement with data, stable observation, meticulous tracking of data acquisition, triangulation of sources, and continuous comparative analysis. Reliability was assessed via intra-subject agreement between two coders who independently analyzed three randomly selected interviews. The total number of codes identified was 75, with 34 codes overlapping between coders. The intercoder reliability reached 90%, exceeding the commonly accepted threshold of 60%, confirming the robustness of the coding process. Findings The analysis revealed that value co-creation in the ecosystem of women's football in Iran is influenced by several critical conditions and factors, which were organized into six key dimensions: Essential Conditions:These include alignment with organizational goals, ensuring that all stakeholders share a common vision and objectives that drive collaborative efforts. Value-Creating Capacities:The inherent abilities and resources within the ecosystem that enable stakeholders to generate value collectively, such as talent, infrastructure, and organizational competencies. Environmental Conditions:External factors such as market dynamics, cultural attitudes, regulatory frameworks, and economic conditions that impact the feasibility and effectiveness of value co-creation. Intervention Conditions:Factors that modulate the co-creation process, including stability in decision-making, cognitive resistance among stakeholders, and the centrality of the phenomenon within the organizational context. Value Co-Creation Strategies:Practical approaches identified include enhancing program transparency to build trust and accountability, and fostering networking among stakeholders to facilitate collaboration and resource sharing. Consequences:The outcomes of effective value co-creation encompass value integration across the ecosystem, sustainability of the value chain ensuring long-term viability, and marketing sustainability that supports continuous engagement and growth. Discussion and Conclusion This study presents a pioneering model of value co-creation tailored to the ecosystem of women's football in Iran. The six dimensions identified provide a comprehensive framework for understanding how value can be generated collaboratively among diverse stakeholders in a complex and evolving sports environment. The essential conditions emphasize the importance of strategic alignment, ensuring that all participants work toward shared goals. Value-creating capacities highlight the need to leverage internal strengths and resources effectively. Environmental conditions remind us that external factors can either facilitate or hinder co-creation efforts, necessitating adaptive strategies. Intervention conditions such as decision-making stability and cognitive resistance are crucial in managing change and overcoming barriers to collaboration. The strategies of program transparency and networking are actionable levers that organizations can use to foster trust, communication, and joint value generation. The consequences of successful value co-creation—value integration, value chain sustainability, and marketing sustainability—are vital for the long-term growth and competitiveness of women’s football. These outcomes not only enhance the economic viability of the sport but also contribute to social and cultural development. Based on these findings, it is recommended that organizations and relevant authorities in women’s football in Iran develop comprehensive programs and strategies that prioritize alignment with organizational goals, strengthen organizational infrastructure, and enhance communication channels. Increasing transparency and promoting networking will improve stakeholder engagement and ecosystem cohesion. Furthermore, policymakers should focus on creating supportive policies that facilitate value integration and sustainability across the value chain and marketing efforts. Practical steps such as transparent planning, targeted support campaigns, and initiatives to boost customer satisfaction are essential to overcoming existing challenges and unlocking the full potential of women’s football. This research contributes valuable insights that can inform decision-making and strategic planning in women’s sports. It also lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at refining and expanding the understanding of value co-creation in sports ecosystems.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4279_120ca817ebe8caa71e92ac53049b2c6a.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Sport Management Studies 2538-3213 16 86 2024 09 22 Meta-Synthesis of Legal Variables in Financial Support Research within Iran's Sports Industry Meta-Synthesis of Legal Variables in Financial Support Research within Iran's Sports Industry 103 126 4285 10.22089/smrj.2024.15976.3963 FA Behnam Naghipour Givi Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Sociology and Psychology, Sport Science Research Institute (SSRI), Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0637-2086 Fatemeh Naderian PhD Student of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Khuzestan,, Iran 0000-0003-2796-9025 Journal Article 2023 11 20 Background and Purpose In contemporary society, sports have evolved into a significant industry that plays a pivotal role in the economic growth of nations worldwide, particularly in developed countries (Ziming, 2021). The sports industry is recognized as one of the most profitable sectors globally, contributing substantially to national economies through various channels such as sports events, merchandise, media rights, and sponsorships (Jankovic & Stojanovic, 2019). One of the critical stimulants of economic activity within this sector is the organization of competitions and major sports events, which create ample advertising opportunities and foster interaction between industry, business, and sports (Zolfaghari et al., 2023). Sports sponsorship, a commercial agreement where an organization or company provides financial and non-financial support in exchange for associating its brand with a sports entity, has become a central mechanism for generating revenue and marketing in sports. Despite its importance, attracting financial support in the sports industry faces numerous obstacles, including legal challenges that hinder the flow of investment and sponsorship. Given the increasing number of studies on financial support in sports and the need to avoid redundancy, this research focuses on synthesizing existing knowledge regarding the legal components related to financial support in sports. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: What legal components have been studied in relation to financial support in sports? What obstacles have been identified? And what solutions have been proposed to overcome these obstacles? Materials and Methods This study is qualitative in nature and employs the meta-synthesis method to analyze and integrate findings from existing research. The meta-synthesis approach used follows the seven-step methodology proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso, which is designed to advance qualitative evidence by synthesizing findings across multiple studies (Ludvigsen et al., 2018). The research involved a systematic review of domestic scientific articles published between 1388 and 1401 (based on the Iranian calendar). From an initial pool of 112 studies, 72 were excluded due to duplication, irrelevance to the research questions, or mismatched titles. Ultimately, 40 studies were selected for detailed data analysis. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that examined financial support, financial sponsors, financing mechanisms, and sports sponsorship within the sports industry. The selected studies were analyzed to identify recurring themes related to legal dimensions, obstacles, and proposed solutions in attracting financial support for sports. Results The meta-synthesis process involved a comprehensive textual review using keywords such as "financial support," "financial sponsors," "financing," and "sports support." The analysis revealed several key dimensions related to legal challenges and solutions in sports financing. The identified dimensions include: Legal Framework and Regulations:The presence or absence of clear, comprehensive laws governing sports sponsorship and financial support significantly impacts investment flows. Ambiguities and inconsistencies in legislation create uncertainty for potential investors and sponsors. Contractual and Sponsorship Agreements:Legal complexities in drafting and enforcing sponsorship contracts often deter sponsors. Issues such as unclear rights, obligations, and dispute resolution mechanisms pose significant barriers. Governance and Transparency:Lack of transparency and accountability in sports organizations’ financial management undermines investor confidence. Corruption and mismanagement further exacerbate these issues. Taxation and Incentives:The absence of favorable tax policies and financial incentives limits the attractiveness of sports investments. Conversely, supportive fiscal policies can stimulate greater private sector involvement. Intellectual Property Rights:Protection of branding, trademarks, and media rights is essential for sponsors to safeguard their investments and maximize returns. The synthesis also identified common obstacles faced by sports organizations in securing financial support, including bureaucratic red tape, inadequate legal protections, limited awareness of sponsorship benefits, and insufficient marketing capabilities. Proposed solutions to overcome these obstacles emphasize the need for legislative reforms to clarify and strengthen sports sponsorship laws, enhance governance and transparency within sports bodies, introduce tax incentives and subsidies for sponsors, and develop robust intellectual property frameworks. Discussion The findings of this meta-synthesis highlight that while there has been considerable research into obstacles and solutions related to financial support in Iranian sports, these efforts remain fragmented. The legal challenges identified are significant impediments to attracting and retaining financial sponsors, which are crucial for the sustainable development of sports. A notable development in this context is a proposal submitted by 34 members of the Islamic Council to the Iranian parliament, titled "Supporting Sports and Athletes," which has been referred to the Cultural Commission. While this legislative initiative is a positive step, it is critical that lawmakers consider the comprehensive range of obstacles and solutions identified through research before enacting policies. Such a holistic approach can ensure that the legislation effectively addresses the multifaceted challenges facing the sports industry. The integration of research findings into policymaking can help create an enabling environment that encourages private sector investment, enhances the professionalism of sports management, and ultimately contributes to the growth of the sports sector in Iran. Conclusion This research provides a synthesized understanding of the legal dimensions influencing financial support in the sports industry, highlighting key obstacles and potential solutions. The study underscores the importance of clear legal frameworks, transparent governance, favorable fiscal policies, and robust intellectual property protections in fostering a conducive environment for sports investment. To capitalize on the economic and social benefits of sports, Iranian sports authorities and policymakers should prioritize legislative reforms informed by empirical research. Establishing a comprehensive legal infrastructure and addressing governance issues will not only attract financial sponsors but also build trust and sustainability within the sports ecosystem. Future research is encouraged to delve deeper into specific legal aspects, evaluate the effectiveness of implemented reforms, and explore innovative financing models tailored to the unique context of Iranian sports. Background and Purpose In contemporary society, sports have evolved into a significant industry that plays a pivotal role in the economic growth of nations worldwide, particularly in developed countries (Ziming, 2021). The sports industry is recognized as one of the most profitable sectors globally, contributing substantially to national economies through various channels such as sports events, merchandise, media rights, and sponsorships (Jankovic & Stojanovic, 2019). One of the critical stimulants of economic activity within this sector is the organization of competitions and major sports events, which create ample advertising opportunities and foster interaction between industry, business, and sports (Zolfaghari et al., 2023). Sports sponsorship, a commercial agreement where an organization or company provides financial and non-financial support in exchange for associating its brand with a sports entity, has become a central mechanism for generating revenue and marketing in sports. Despite its importance, attracting financial support in the sports industry faces numerous obstacles, including legal challenges that hinder the flow of investment and sponsorship. Given the increasing number of studies on financial support in sports and the need to avoid redundancy, this research focuses on synthesizing existing knowledge regarding the legal components related to financial support in sports. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: What legal components have been studied in relation to financial support in sports? What obstacles have been identified? And what solutions have been proposed to overcome these obstacles? Materials and Methods This study is qualitative in nature and employs the meta-synthesis method to analyze and integrate findings from existing research. The meta-synthesis approach used follows the seven-step methodology proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso, which is designed to advance qualitative evidence by synthesizing findings across multiple studies (Ludvigsen et al., 2018). The research involved a systematic review of domestic scientific articles published between 1388 and 1401 (based on the Iranian calendar). From an initial pool of 112 studies, 72 were excluded due to duplication, irrelevance to the research questions, or mismatched titles. Ultimately, 40 studies were selected for detailed data analysis. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that examined financial support, financial sponsors, financing mechanisms, and sports sponsorship within the sports industry. The selected studies were analyzed to identify recurring themes related to legal dimensions, obstacles, and proposed solutions in attracting financial support for sports. Results The meta-synthesis process involved a comprehensive textual review using keywords such as "financial support," "financial sponsors," "financing," and "sports support." The analysis revealed several key dimensions related to legal challenges and solutions in sports financing. The identified dimensions include: Legal Framework and Regulations:The presence or absence of clear, comprehensive laws governing sports sponsorship and financial support significantly impacts investment flows. Ambiguities and inconsistencies in legislation create uncertainty for potential investors and sponsors. Contractual and Sponsorship Agreements:Legal complexities in drafting and enforcing sponsorship contracts often deter sponsors. Issues such as unclear rights, obligations, and dispute resolution mechanisms pose significant barriers. Governance and Transparency:Lack of transparency and accountability in sports organizations’ financial management undermines investor confidence. Corruption and mismanagement further exacerbate these issues. Taxation and Incentives:The absence of favorable tax policies and financial incentives limits the attractiveness of sports investments. Conversely, supportive fiscal policies can stimulate greater private sector involvement. Intellectual Property Rights:Protection of branding, trademarks, and media rights is essential for sponsors to safeguard their investments and maximize returns. The synthesis also identified common obstacles faced by sports organizations in securing financial support, including bureaucratic red tape, inadequate legal protections, limited awareness of sponsorship benefits, and insufficient marketing capabilities. Proposed solutions to overcome these obstacles emphasize the need for legislative reforms to clarify and strengthen sports sponsorship laws, enhance governance and transparency within sports bodies, introduce tax incentives and subsidies for sponsors, and develop robust intellectual property frameworks. Discussion The findings of this meta-synthesis highlight that while there has been considerable research into obstacles and solutions related to financial support in Iranian sports, these efforts remain fragmented. The legal challenges identified are significant impediments to attracting and retaining financial sponsors, which are crucial for the sustainable development of sports. A notable development in this context is a proposal submitted by 34 members of the Islamic Council to the Iranian parliament, titled "Supporting Sports and Athletes," which has been referred to the Cultural Commission. While this legislative initiative is a positive step, it is critical that lawmakers consider the comprehensive range of obstacles and solutions identified through research before enacting policies. Such a holistic approach can ensure that the legislation effectively addresses the multifaceted challenges facing the sports industry. The integration of research findings into policymaking can help create an enabling environment that encourages private sector investment, enhances the professionalism of sports management, and ultimately contributes to the growth of the sports sector in Iran. Conclusion This research provides a synthesized understanding of the legal dimensions influencing financial support in the sports industry, highlighting key obstacles and potential solutions. The study underscores the importance of clear legal frameworks, transparent governance, favorable fiscal policies, and robust intellectual property protections in fostering a conducive environment for sports investment. To capitalize on the economic and social benefits of sports, Iranian sports authorities and policymakers should prioritize legislative reforms informed by empirical research. Establishing a comprehensive legal infrastructure and addressing governance issues will not only attract financial sponsors but also build trust and sustainability within the sports ecosystem. Future research is encouraged to delve deeper into specific legal aspects, evaluate the effectiveness of implemented reforms, and explore innovative financing models tailored to the unique context of Iranian sports.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4285_63cb524a9f51b7858733e1108bf556fa.pdf

Sport Sciences Research Institute Sport Management Studies 2538-3213 16 86 2024 09 22 The Role of Electronic Government in Employee Performance at Qazvin Sports and Youth Directorate with Organizational Transparency as Mediator The Role of Electronic Government in Employee Performance at Qazvin Sports and Youth Directorate with Organizational Transparency as Mediator 127 146 4324 10.22089/smrj.2024.14851.3871 FA Zohreh Gholami MA in Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Shahram Shafiee Associate Professor of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 0000-0002-8208-0846 Hossien Brakhas PhD in Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 0000-0002-3459-6856 Journal Article 2023 05 09 Background and Purpose Employee performance evaluation is a critical process for organizations, particularly in the context of enhancing transparency and leveraging electronic tools. Continuous evaluation of employee performance enables senior management to systematically review and align employee contributions with organizational plans and objectives at various levels (Chen et al., 2019). Transparency within organizations forms the foundation of government decisions and the mechanisms that govern the distribution of power and income. It is widely recognized as one of the most effective tools for combating administrative corruption, establishing efficient governance, and fostering a stable society. Transparency in this context entails the free flow of information and its accessibility to all stakeholders involved in decision-making processes, facilitated by the use of electronic tools. Organizational transparency plays a pivotal role in promoting better and more accountable employee performance (Mohabi Zarin Dareh, 2019). One of the primary means of achieving transparency in organizations is through the adoption and implementation of electronic tools, specifically the establishment of electronic government (e-government) systems. E-government refers to the use of new technologies by governments to provide citizens and stakeholders with access to information and services, thereby improving service quality and expanding opportunities for democratic participation (Sarboland, 2020). The necessity of this research arises from several considerations. Firstly, the concepts of electronic government and organizational transparency as they relate to employee performance have not been thoroughly examined within the context of sports organizations in Iran. Despite the essential role these concepts play in organizational effectiveness, their specific impact within sports organizations remains underexplored. Secondly, the multifaceted relationships among these variables—e-government, transparency, and employee performance—have not been systematically investigated, not only in sports organizations but also more broadly in other organizational contexts within the country. Understanding both the status of these variables and the nature of their interrelationships is crucial for effective organizational management. Lastly, while international research provides valuable insights, there is a pressing need for localized and specialized studies that address the unique characteristics and challenges of Iranian sports organizations. Such research is necessary to inform effective analysis, management, and implementation strategies tailored to the local context. Methods This study employed a field-based, descriptive-correlational research design with an applied purpose. The data collection methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research variables. The statistical population comprised all managers and employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth in Qazvin province, totaling 100 individuals. The entire population was considered for sampling; however, for initial reliability testing of the research instrument, 25 individuals participated in a pilot study. Subsequently, 75 participants were purposefully selected as the final sample, completed the research questionnaires, and their responses were analyzed. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire consisting of 47 items designed to measure three primary variables and their eight dimensions. The variables included e-government (with dimensions such as website development, internet accessibility, website creation duration, support and development, and electronic services), organizational transparency (comprising transparency of laws and regulations, transparency of work and activity procedures, and transparency of administrative and employment affairs), and employee performance. Responses were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). The questionnaire items were adapted from previous studies relevant to the research variables to ensure content validity and relevance. To establish the validity and reliability of the research instrument, the opinions of 15 experts were solicited, including 5 sports management professors, 4 doctoral students, and 6 managers and employees from the Sports and Youth Department of Qazvin province. After confirming content and face validity, the questionnaire was distributed among 25 individuals from the statistical population in a pilot study. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated for the e-government (0.79), organizational transparency (0.76), and employee performance (0.77) variables, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Further reliability (composite reliability) and construct validity (model fit) were evaluated and are reported in the findings section. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data distribution. The significance level for all components was less than α > 0.05, indicating that the data were not normally distributed. Given the complex structure of the model, the non-normal distribution of the main variables (as determined by SPSS software), and the analytical preferences of the researcher, SmartPLS software was employed for factor analysis and path analysis to examine the relationships among variables. Findings The analysis of the data revealed several key findings. Among the dimensions of the e-government variable, the provision of electronic services had the highest mean score (4.26), indicating that electronic services were the most developed aspect of e-government in the organization. In contrast, the dimension of website creation time had the lowest mean (3.51), suggesting room for improvement in the timeliness of website development. Factor analysis further elucidated the significance of various dimensions within each variable. For e-government, the most influential dimensions were the development of electronic services (0.85), support, development, and equipment (0.83), website creation duration (0.82), internet and intranet accessibility (0.75), and website development (0.67). For organizational transparency, the transparency of work and activity steps (0.93), transparency of administrative and employment affairs (0.90), and transparency of laws and regulations (0.77) were identified as the most significant dimensions. Path analysis of direct relationships demonstrated that e-government had a significant positive effect on both employee performance (coefficient = 0.32) and organizational transparency (coefficient = 0.81). Organizational transparency, in turn, had a significant positive effect on employee performance (coefficient = 0.55). The Sobel test for indirect relationships confirmed that e-government also influenced employee performance indirectly through the mediation of organizational transparency. Conclusion The findings of this research indicate that the use of technology and e-government in sports organizations, such as the Sports and Youth Department, is currently limited. However, the adoption of e-government has the potential to significantly enhance employee performance and organizational transparency. To realize these benefits, it is recommended that sports organizations increase transparency in their operations and improve employee performance through the expanded use of information technology and the streamlining of administrative processes. Managers should prioritize transparency within their organizations to further enhance employee performance. Based on the results, future research should continue to explore the impact of e-government and information technology on employee performance in sports organizations, examining different aspects of e-government and new technological applications. Additionally, research should investigate the barriers and challenges to achieving transparency in sports organizations, as well as extend the analysis to sports federations and governing boards. Background and Purpose Employee performance evaluation is a critical process for organizations, particularly in the context of enhancing transparency and leveraging electronic tools. Continuous evaluation of employee performance enables senior management to systematically review and align employee contributions with organizational plans and objectives at various levels (Chen et al., 2019). Transparency within organizations forms the foundation of government decisions and the mechanisms that govern the distribution of power and income. It is widely recognized as one of the most effective tools for combating administrative corruption, establishing efficient governance, and fostering a stable society. Transparency in this context entails the free flow of information and its accessibility to all stakeholders involved in decision-making processes, facilitated by the use of electronic tools. Organizational transparency plays a pivotal role in promoting better and more accountable employee performance (Mohabi Zarin Dareh, 2019). One of the primary means of achieving transparency in organizations is through the adoption and implementation of electronic tools, specifically the establishment of electronic government (e-government) systems. E-government refers to the use of new technologies by governments to provide citizens and stakeholders with access to information and services, thereby improving service quality and expanding opportunities for democratic participation (Sarboland, 2020). The necessity of this research arises from several considerations. Firstly, the concepts of electronic government and organizational transparency as they relate to employee performance have not been thoroughly examined within the context of sports organizations in Iran. Despite the essential role these concepts play in organizational effectiveness, their specific impact within sports organizations remains underexplored. Secondly, the multifaceted relationships among these variables—e-government, transparency, and employee performance—have not been systematically investigated, not only in sports organizations but also more broadly in other organizational contexts within the country. Understanding both the status of these variables and the nature of their interrelationships is crucial for effective organizational management. Lastly, while international research provides valuable insights, there is a pressing need for localized and specialized studies that address the unique characteristics and challenges of Iranian sports organizations. Such research is necessary to inform effective analysis, management, and implementation strategies tailored to the local context. Methods This study employed a field-based, descriptive-correlational research design with an applied purpose. The data collection methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research variables. The statistical population comprised all managers and employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth in Qazvin province, totaling 100 individuals. The entire population was considered for sampling; however, for initial reliability testing of the research instrument, 25 individuals participated in a pilot study. Subsequently, 75 participants were purposefully selected as the final sample, completed the research questionnaires, and their responses were analyzed. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire consisting of 47 items designed to measure three primary variables and their eight dimensions. The variables included e-government (with dimensions such as website development, internet accessibility, website creation duration, support and development, and electronic services), organizational transparency (comprising transparency of laws and regulations, transparency of work and activity procedures, and transparency of administrative and employment affairs), and employee performance. Responses were recorded on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). The questionnaire items were adapted from previous studies relevant to the research variables to ensure content validity and relevance. To establish the validity and reliability of the research instrument, the opinions of 15 experts were solicited, including 5 sports management professors, 4 doctoral students, and 6 managers and employees from the Sports and Youth Department of Qazvin province. After confirming content and face validity, the questionnaire was distributed among 25 individuals from the statistical population in a pilot study. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated for the e-government (0.79), organizational transparency (0.76), and employee performance (0.77) variables, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Further reliability (composite reliability) and construct validity (model fit) were evaluated and are reported in the findings section. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data distribution. The significance level for all components was less than α > 0.05, indicating that the data were not normally distributed. Given the complex structure of the model, the non-normal distribution of the main variables (as determined by SPSS software), and the analytical preferences of the researcher, SmartPLS software was employed for factor analysis and path analysis to examine the relationships among variables. Findings The analysis of the data revealed several key findings. Among the dimensions of the e-government variable, the provision of electronic services had the highest mean score (4.26), indicating that electronic services were the most developed aspect of e-government in the organization. In contrast, the dimension of website creation time had the lowest mean (3.51), suggesting room for improvement in the timeliness of website development. Factor analysis further elucidated the significance of various dimensions within each variable. For e-government, the most influential dimensions were the development of electronic services (0.85), support, development, and equipment (0.83), website creation duration (0.82), internet and intranet accessibility (0.75), and website development (0.67). For organizational transparency, the transparency of work and activity steps (0.93), transparency of administrative and employment affairs (0.90), and transparency of laws and regulations (0.77) were identified as the most significant dimensions. Path analysis of direct relationships demonstrated that e-government had a significant positive effect on both employee performance (coefficient = 0.32) and organizational transparency (coefficient = 0.81). Organizational transparency, in turn, had a significant positive effect on employee performance (coefficient = 0.55). The Sobel test for indirect relationships confirmed that e-government also influenced employee performance indirectly through the mediation of organizational transparency. Conclusion The findings of this research indicate that the use of technology and e-government in sports organizations, such as the Sports and Youth Department, is currently limited. However, the adoption of e-government has the potential to significantly enhance employee performance and organizational transparency. To realize these benefits, it is recommended that sports organizations increase transparency in their operations and improve employee performance through the expanded use of information technology and the streamlining of administrative processes. Managers should prioritize transparency within their organizations to further enhance employee performance. Based on the results, future research should continue to explore the impact of e-government and information technology on employee performance in sports organizations, examining different aspects of e-government and new technological applications. Additionally, research should investigate the barriers and challenges to achieving transparency in sports organizations, as well as extend the analysis to sports federations and governing boards.

https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_4324_f569c3d708a7558b3049d2896d2b6ce1.pdf